According to the authors in the book, writing that works, the authors offer concise and clear guidance on the writing process and various models that are largely implemented in the real work place situation. This book sets a standard from which the current professional authors refer to. This book reveals the significance of technology in the offices and majorly addresses the current business type’s documents both in online platform as well as on print media. The book therefore offers enlightening guidelines on the appropriate selection of the medium for communication, presentation and documentation. The book also provides advice on the landing and maintenance of job in the current economy (Oliu et al 2016).
The book is one of the most comprehensive guides to business men and business students as it educates them on the key points that they ought to follow while writing a business proposal. The book insists on persuasiveness while writing the proposal. The tone and the language used while writing should be persuasive so as to attract more and more customers into the business. A well written proposal will ensure that the requirement that favors the buyers’ needs is communicated effectively. While the business capabilities are communicated to the buyers assuring them of satisfying their needs. Once the information in the proposal is persuasive, the seller tends to be persuaded to purchase goods and services from the business. Communication is an important element in the book hence all professional business people ought to have a well-established and organized information flow in writing and in organizing their business. This helps business students to be able to apply some of these important elements in real world situations in their careers.
References
Oliu, Walter E., Munger, Roger., Brusaw, Charles T., & Alred, Gerald J. (2016). Writing That Works, 12th Ed.
‘’Desiree’s Baby’’ by Kate Chopin takes place before the occurrence of civil war. The story can be illustrated as a sense of consequences and destiny. The story is crucial in exploring the issues of a man’s pride in overcoming race and love. The story emphasizes three major controversial matters in the general story. The themes are based on marriage, prejudice and inequities. The major purpose of the story is to explore and expose the prejudice and inequities and the subjugation of female (Chopin 6). The author wrote the story with the aim of broadening the perspective of racism and identity. Desire belongs to nobody as she was abandoned as a toddler and she is lucky to get adopted from parents who are not racists but have no knowledge of her ancestry. The author was effective in pairing characters to demonstrate how a sense of belonging can influence individual’s perspective. The paper will, therefore, seek to establish how racism and its impacts are portrayed through the characters by Chopin in Desiree’s Baby.
Based on ‘’Desiree’s Baby’’ individuals who are not from the white society are given fewer priorities. They are therefore considered as slaves because they do not deserve proper treatments based on their origin. The white individuals are characterized by a more superior feeling because they are proud of who they are. The white individuals are from prominent a family which owns slaves who are not of their race. Being of mixed colors is not well appreciated as it generates shame to the proudest names. Armand orders his wife to leave as he realized that their child was of mixed colors. He felt that his wife had brought shame to his family and he did not wish to be a joke to the community.
In Desiree’s Baby Chopin provides a compelling assessment of racial and class-based prejudice that ruled the attitudes of individuals. Quick choices and impulsive judgments result in hasty decisions. The story generates the feeling that the characters are hardwired to view the situation. As Kate Chopin illustrates in the story impulsive judgments are bound to generate judgments which can result in disastrous impacts in marriage life as well as in knowledge (Chopin 14). The judgments were mainly influenced by the racial authority that drove the society. Armand makes hasty choices as he considers himself a white individual who holds the power to control things.
One of the major characters is prone to making general choices without providing much thinking. According to Chopin, Armand fell in love with Desiree without even much consideration. He does not consider any other thought to be crucial despite the fact that he does not know about her origin or even her family. This shows that if he would have taken the time to consider several thoughts this would have prevented the subsequent disintegration of the marriage, as well as, the demise of his wife. The major thoughtless judgment that occurred in the story is influenced by race. This is illustrated by the fact that when Armand realizes that his baby was not born white and therefore assumes that the culprit is Desiree without examining other explanations (Chopin 10).
The author utilized the theme of origin to illustrate the sensation of belonging. Desiree does not feel like she belongs to anyone as her origin is questioned and she is also accused of being a false identity. Based on Chopin the feeling of belonging is essential as it helps in being contented in the things that one accomplishes. The author chooses the theme of origin in order to generate thoughts about how the origin of an individual can affect the general relationship with others. The life of Desiree transforms for the worst the moment she gives birth to a child who is not completely white (Chopin 6). Throughout the story, Armand is demonstrated as an individual who owned it all because of his origin. He utilized the name of his family in feeling as a proud individual because he thought that it was the proudest name at the time in Louisiana. His assumptions about the superiority of his race, therefore, destroyed his own family because he believes that his family name was more crucial. He did not wish to be frowned upon by individuals as becoming a joke was not part of him. He, therefore, thought that in the name of ethnicity his wife had lost his mind which he refers to as unconscious injury (Chopin 7).
The story is mainly focused on illustrating the feelings of race as the major factor that influences destruction. Chopin illustrates how racism played a crucial role in the lives of the characters and especially in 19th century. This is illustrated by the fact that the birth of Desiree child transforms the perspective of her husband towards skin color (Chopin 19). When the baby was established that he had a combination of colors thus not becoming a white baby everything changed from that moment. This started with the change of perspective and the attitude of Armand as well as the happiness of Desiree. When she gave birth to the baby she was very happy and her husband was also happy. He, therefore, started treating the slaves differently due to the fact that his happiness had been developed by the birth of his son. This changed after he saw that his son was growing with mixed colors which he had not thought of before and his perception changed. This led to the development of his irresponsible behaviors (Chopin 21).
Racial injustice is a cruel thing as everyone in the story loses everything that they held dear because of the injustice. To begin with, Desiree held no control over the person that she was. Desiree was not involved in any activity of deceiving her husband as he clearly understood that she was a foundling and that did not even worry him. These, therefore, demonstrate that his love was completely fleeting as the child was his own and he could not, therefore, abandon his son. Chopin chooses the decision to show that true love should be free from racism. Armand was guided by racial prejudice which resulted in him breaking his family responsibilities and his vows to Desiree (Chopin 23).
The contributions of the involved races are well illustrated in the story. Despite the fact that Armand is a mixed race he considers himself superior without giving thoughts of his background (Chopin 20). The slaves are helpful because they provide services to the superior race despite the unfortunate consideration. Chopin utilized different races in showing that there are no superior races because everyone holds different capabilities that are not determined by their race. In the 19th century, societies were characterized by racism as the white individuals were considered to be more capable and superior. This is why Armand did not appreciate the fact that his child was of mixed colors.
In conclusion, Desiree’s Baby is associated with feelings ranges despite the fact that it is also characterized by different matters such as race, identity, and gender issues. According to the story, racism is the major cause of negative developments such as pride and destruction. The author is effective in illustrating true identity of the characters which can be influential in the development of change. The feeling of pride due to race is well illustrated as Armand is proud because of his family name. It is thus clear that racism can lead to destructions because it is guided by the individual’s perceptions.
Work Cited
Chopin, K. Desiree’s Baby. Create space Independent Publisher, 2014. Internet source.
Bras De Olive Domingo’s can be described as an obituary writer who has a famous father and does a career that he does not like. He is a wanderer and an adventurer who is fully connected to his home. His quality of the urge to be an adventure is illustrated as even at that moment when he was unable to walk due to the incapability of his feet his mind was continuously on a traveling journey. In his early days, he would walk back to a place where he felt that it was home as he felt that he belonged there. As the days passed and he gradually becomes older his mind kept on returning him to the family thoughts. To him home were a land bound and the words evolved with distinct nature (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011).
Bras De Olive Domingo’s explores life as well as death in distinct ways through his character of wandering and being an adventurous individual. He struggles through maintaining relationships with friends as well as family members in the shadow of his own dad (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011). Through this, he is fully able to wander through the things that might happen in life to him and also to those that are close to him. Through several moments in life, death is illustrated to be a crucial part of life. Through the different issues that the character is faced with it is associated with distinct problems. The issues, therefore, range from the fact that he is overshadowed by the general work of his parent and he is therefore involved in a career that is not desirable. Additionally own childbirth is presented as an issue and every issue is very previous. Through his wandering, he fails to enjoy the moments as he has to die at the completion of each issue (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011).
Bras De Olive Domingo’s is illustrated as a sort of a writer who is mostly an obituary but is occasionally involved in authoring books. From the distinct issues that he is faced with different characters had have been engaged in the previous problems that they appear directly following them as Bra’s life role. His qualities are crucial in illustrating the meaning of death and life in relation to all the beautiful life activities. For instance, the death of his father denied him the chance of being there when his child was born (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011).
Bras quality of being an adventure materializes as the days goes by because to him having a single day to live feels like it is everything. This is mainly because in his adventures he is trying to run away from the lost dreams because in reality he is missing. For instance, when he is left by his girlfriend he is left wondering how he has to live without the presence of love but later he catches first sight love. Life is, therefore, a comic adventure that he has to lose the best moments because the bad events overpower everything (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011).
Over time, several things about the character have changed as when he became an adult he had to pass through different trials which deny him happiness. When Bra’s wife is into labor while giving birth to their child he receives news about the death of his own father. Another thing that changed as the story went on is the fact that Bra lost love that he held before. While he grew up and become old life and death become more important as life is more glorified as the best technique for enjoying moments. From the heartbreaking issues that arise he is able to adopt the theme that he got from his friend Jorge about living each moment at it specified time (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011).
Bras De Olive Domingo’s is characterized with several lives as well as deaths. For instance, as presented in the first chapter he is turning thirty-two years while in the next chapter he is twenty-one years. The oldest age that is illustrated is sixty-six while the youngest is eleven years. This, therefore, illustrates how his different lives represent different changes of events in his life. Things include a relationship that is budding, a relationship that failed to work, life trip that is changing o with Jorge who is his close friend and his wife giving birth to their kid. These lives are filled with quiet moments and those moments that are usually taken for granted (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011).
The character is impacted by the different authors as every chapter of his story ends in a way that is finite. The authors, therefore, describe this form as a pattern disrupts in the manner that the story is told in every story. Through the utilization of different authors, his character has to remain constant and his life cannot end. This is mainly because each author aims at presenting the importance of existence in a different form (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011). This is by ending the chapters with death in order to illustrate those moments that are seen as less crucial in the life of every being. The character is thus impacted by being sentimental individuals in trying to illustrate the several issues that a man must struggle with in life. Through Bras reflection, he is able to recognize that death can come at any moment and he should live every moment as it is. He accomplishes this by utilizing reflection where he adventures through his past and tries to evaluate his future (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011).
In the course of time, Bra loses his dreams due to the struggle and he therefore opts to settle and live his current life. He declines to complete his cancer treatment holding that it is not reasonable as he had learned enough from his past. His characteristic of being adventurous individuals who fully wants to accomplish dreams is affected because of the increasing tragedy (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011). His qualities change as he begins to develop a negative attitude that withdrawals all the memories that he held about life. Through the events death significance is presented as humor because despite the fact that one dies in a tricky issue Bra is able to acquire life and resume to his life which has no more joy. For instance, bra explains to his own son in his own adventure that life is like a book and therefore every book has to hold an end (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011).
Bras de olive Domingo’s dies at different levels of each chapter and begins the other chapter while still alive at different life situations. He is involved in writing novels for Brazilian newspaper but in his writings he is fully involved in dreams of becoming a novel writer the same as his father who is famous (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011). In this wander, he seizes life and love as he is fully urged by his friend Jorge. This is presented in the nine different episodes in his life. Bras life is truly transformed through different events from potential pasts and future which brings new sights. Through the different events that are brought in different life stages. This, therefore, shows that his life was characterized by favorable moments that are worth living although the struggles that are presented in life make it hard to live a life that is good. His quality of being a family person emerges as he is forced to leave his family and the only thing that he lives with his memory and adventures (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011).
Bras de olive Domingo’s is involved in an honest death mediation after he realized that life is worth and that is characterized by scarcity as the issues that appear in life and that life as well as death are crucial. Through the changing events, death can view through his life that clearly illustrate that through the experiences he had to take all the things that life had to offer. His life is characterized by special moments as well as the bad moments are the major issue which is crucial in developing the existence (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011). The mediation transforms from being about the general life to the basis of mortality where the character is not even afraid of dying (Moon, Ba, Stewart, Konot, 2011). Through the transformation, his life struggles depict that fact that life is valuable and that death is part of it. This is illustrated by the model that he has to die and live severally through all the issues.
Reference
Moon F., Ba G., Stewart, D., Konot, S. (2011). Daytripper. EBook.
Taking away somebody’s life is not the best option to come out of any situation however horrible it may, because it remains a murder case in whatever circumstance (Kotecha, 2014). The four friends that is; Peter, Greg, John and Paul agreed to go for mountain climbing but later opted for cave exploring. In their exploration, they reached a point where they discovered there was a cave-in that they could not have themselves out. The four men ended up trapped in the cave without food hence coming up with a view of sacrificing one of them to save the three (Lawhorne, 2014). After a period of four and a half weeks, the three were rescued and were immediately taken under charge of murder. This paper will discuss the start of the spelunkers’ exploration. It will discuss their decision to go for cave exploration and their experience in the exploration that resulted into murder. It will also discuss the background of each spelunker. Despite the fact that they looked at their survival, they deprived the other his right to live as a human being hence they should be penalized for the unlawful act taken.
The spelunkers at the start had decided to go for mountain climbing even at the start of their journey, but while on the way, they made a new decision to go for cave spelunking and this later led them to do the act of murder (Lawhorne, 2014). At the end of their first day of exploration, they had reached a very remote cavern where they started hearing loud cracking sound at a distance. This could not prevent them from exploring further, they instead went on and this was done in the agreement of all the four. They proceeded the next day mindlessly and reached where to narrow entryways that they could not explore further. On turning back, they discovered of an enormous cave-in that completely blocked their way out (Lawhorne, 2014). They tried as much as possible to find the exit but all was in vain. It is possibly true to say that they did not inform anybody about their change of plan just because of the length of period it took for them to be rescued. It could be of help if they notified anyone about it such that an immediate action of searching could be done to rescue them before they were completely struck by hunger.
It is very certain that they were trapped in the cave unexpectedly; however, it was not safe at all to let the consequences be carried by one person (Suber, 2012). They were all responsible of the decisions they made right from the start and for that reason, they were to carry the burden jointly not putting it on one person as they did to Paul. They agreed on all the reckless choices they made for example changing plans from mountain climbing to cave exploration, they went with the exploration even after the hearing the cracking noise (Lawhorne, 2014). This could not have led to the betrayal of one person, besides he was not the one responsible of all these reckless choices. Their decisions could be based on their backgrounds, looking at the fact that Paul is the least in the group with a humble background compared to the colleagues.
According to the backgrounds of the four spelunkers, Greg was married and wealthy, Peter was an ordained minister but single, John was married and served as an EBay executive, whereas Paul was single, with a child by his previous marriage and unfortunately unemployed (Lawhorne, 2014). They should have treated Paul as the least member in the group forgetting that all men have equal rights regardless of the background or level of income. Additionally, since the four were best friends, their different backgrounds could not result into killing.
Importantly, Paul could not be the best option to kill by the fact that he has a child and he is unemployed and without a wife. They did not think of who will take of this child if this man is taken. Still on the same note, Paul did not offer himself voluntarily, in fact he even opposed the idea and he said he would not be part of it. However, it does not mean that there was anyone who was worthy to be sacrificed for this case and it is never lawful to sacrifice any human being regardless of status to save others (Katz, 1987).
Greg’s must have made his suggestion taking an advantage that he is married and wealthy and so he would lose a lot in case he died taking advantage of the poor and humble Paul. Just as he valued his life so much he would also think twice that the rest of the members valued their lives the same way (Katz, 1987). All the three were merciless Peter and John inclusive because none of the two came up to disagree with Greg’s idea. If one of the two opposed that idea probably, it would not have worked for that case and Paul would not have lost his life in such a manner.
It would be reasonable if one or any of them died because the situation became worse and could not withstand the condition any more rather than putting someone to death forcefully because of his status (Sterba, 2005). Also, they would let everyone to get for him a way to survive in such a critical situation in that the one who would fail, it would be his own failure rather than taking on behalf of the rest.
According to the period that was spent before deciding on that evil act, a man is capable of staying without food for a period longer than that (Bryant, 2008), moreover they even knew of the water source in the cave. As elderly men, they were able to survive with that water up to the time of their rescue. Still, if they put in their mind whom to eat suppose Paul got finished then they would conclude “what come may”.
In conclusion, murder is an illegal act that must be charged regardless of any justification posed by the person behind it. There were many options that could help all the four survive in that condition other than sacrificing one of their friend. There is no circumstance that lawfully allows one’s life to serve as a savior for the rest (Kotecha, 2014). In particular, they all had poor reasoning and lacked a sense of humanity in them. With that sense of humanity, they would put themselves in that state of Paul and see whether it was really fair to take such actions to a fellow mankind. All in all, the three should be penalized and face the consequences of their actions.
References
Katz, L. (1987). Bad acts and guilty minds: Conundrums of the criminal law.
Sterba, J. P. (2005). The triumph of practice over theory in ethics. New York [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press.
Suber Peter. (2012) The case of the Speluncean Explorers.
Bryant, Charles W. (2008). How long can you go without food and water: Living without food. How Stuff Works. Retrieved from
Kotecha, B. (2014). Necessity as a Defence to Murder: An Anglo-Canadian Perspective. Journal Of Criminal Law, 78(4), 341-362. doi:10.1350/jcla.2014.78.4.932
You view implies to writing from the readers point of examination instead on writing from a personal perspective. This therefore involves establishing oneself on the position of the reader by identifying the things that as a reader would make you happy and those that you would love to read (Pg.268). The information should therefore be enough to ensure that the mutual questions and concerns are evaluated fully. The massage should therefore be considerate a courteous because the massages that are associated with eliciting positive messages derives direct positive responses from the readers. The theme of the massage should be emphasized while making considerations to those elements which hold greater concern (Pg.268). For instance in writing business reports, letters as well as emails making emphasizes on what the readers need or want to understand is most likely to generate good will and result in positive feedback.
Question 2
You view is relative to audience significance in achieving effective communication because it helps in establishing a respectful and a good relationship between the readers and the writer because it address them directly with the use of second person and active voice not rather than using the first person perspective alone (Pg.267). The ‘’you’’ view additionally ensures that the audiences fully understand about the issues that are being raised as it attempts to emphasizes on how the audiences will benefit. This is mainly because the ‘’you’’ view is based on trying to establish what the audiences want, things that they need to know as well as what s there for them (Pg.267).
Question 3
The ‘’you’’ view can be utilized in business communication by not focusing on self perspective. The receiver’s issues, emotions, circumstances and possible reactions should be considered (Pg.269). This therefore involves communicating by utilizing and emphasizing based on the readers interest which helps in winning their attention. This involves creating a favorable business atmosphere where the targeted receivers are motivated to read the massage. This involves delivering messages that are characterized with positive messages in order to gather positive responses even in unfavorable situations. This can be utilized by creating a good relationship with the clients where the business clients will know that the organization values their presence (Pg.269). For instance in business individuals tend to consider their perspective thus ignoring the issues and concerns of the customers which may result in negative responses.
References
Chapter 8: Writing Emails, Memos and Letters. Developing Style and Tone
The power of media (Orwell's 1984) AND Powerlessness
Prompt 1
In regard, to information restrictions in 1984 the media were limited to the amount of information that they would release to the public. However this has transformed in the world today although the media utilizes the loyalty of the public to manipulate them. The media utilizes the information that matters to the public in drawing their attention. This information is therefore twisted to fit the expectations of the public fully (Hibbert, 2006).
Information restrictions from 1984 and the world today are similar. This is because there are major analogy issues. For example while viewing the news stations several stations illustrate and show the public what they expect to hear and know about. This is thus purposed to benefit them politically like for instance the fox stations. This therefore shows how the media stations fails in releasing specific information to the general public (Hibbert, 2006).
Prompt 2
Based on No Witch Craft for Sale by Lessen and Shooting an Elephant Orwell’s by there is a pure exploitative relationship that exists between the black servant Gideon and the white Farquhar’s. Gideon has to continuously show love to their white son in order for him to be loved which results in salary increase but these does not result in attaining status equality. The white individuals act with control over everything that the servant does including his general knowledge because they believe that they are more superior (Lessing, 2011).
The white characters behaviors demonstrate imperialism like a political ideology which was exploitative and lied on a single side. Imperialism is demonstrated by the fact that it is not right for a single set of individuals to fully claim superiority at the expense of another group based on their colors (We, 2011). Like for example because they believe that they have full control over Gideon they are not happy when he does not tell the herb medicine that can effectively cure a snake bite (Lessing, 2011). According to Orwell living life as a non white individual held no meaning or value.
Reference
Hibbert, A. (2006). The power of the media. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media
Lessing, D. (2011). African Stories. Simon and Schuster. Copyright.
We, S. (2011). "Shooting an Elephant" of George Orwell - Short Story or Essay on the Essence of Colonialism?. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH.
A conflict in Alice walker’s story is clearly portrayed between the virtue of innocence and experience. Myop who is the main character in the story is seen as innocent and conflict emerges during her childlike wonder and her attitude towards the world and this conflict with her condition of experience that is introduced at the last part of the story at that time when she saw the body of a murdered man and she understands the significance of what she was able to see. At the start of the story Walker explains that Myop is totally unaware of the importance of her skin color and her name happens to be suggestive as it is from the word myopia which basically is a form of blindness. This clearly shows that she is innocent of the social and racial reality that surrounds her existence and the kind of difficulties that her parents go through as they live as sharecroppers (Walker 1). However her innocence is brought to a conclusion when she sees the skeleton of the murdered man who was black. It is at this point that she experiences racism as a reality. Though the occurrence occurred long time ago but yet it resulted to the breaking of her innocence. The last part indicates that “the summer had come to an end which only meant that she was no longer a child but she now knew how the blacks were treated. Her conflict was not solved as there is still the occurrence of racial violence all over the world today this making Myop to have a rationale to dispense the childhood ignorance and innocence.
Bell crickets are beautifully made top singeing insects in the autumn nights and they sing in a loud and clear voice. The insect impresses and hence attracts so many people into searching for it as they feel it is a valuable and ancient treasure. The narrator therefore uses the bell cricket and a grasshopper which is similar to a bell cricket but not as unique as the cricket. He has a symbolic meaning to his choice of insects as it is not based on just a mere curiosity of children to chase after insects but the metaphors are used for a noble purpose.
The symbolic transfer of a bell cricket from the boy and the girl in the bush helps to develop the theme of love and how it is done even using a simple gesture. The author states clearly in the moral lesson part that bell crickets are rare to find as there are not many bell crickets all over the world (Kawabata 3). This is to mean that there are only few people who are so special and important people. The grasshoppers on the other hand represent the normal average people who at times may seem as the true bell crickets. Whereas a true bell cricket, when the mind is clouded and the heart are wounded a person may appear as a grasshopper. In the bush there were many grasshoppers but yet the children were desperate to find a bell cricket meaning that even today most of the people are in search for special people but the world is dominated by average people. The surprise that the children had when they saw it was a grasshopper instead of a bell cricket is similar to how people are surprised after getting what they did not want.
References
Kawabata, Yasunari. Grasshopper and the Bell Cricket. MereDUHth,27th August,2008.
1) Denying the Antecedent：A fallacy, consisting of a conditional claim as one premise, a claim that denies the antecedent of the conditional as a second premise, and a claim that denies the consequent of the conditional as the conclusion.
Example: if the theory is correct, then the specimen is acidic. The specimen is acidic. Therefore, the theory is correct.
2) Composition: A fallacy that happens when a speaker or writer assumes that what is true of a group of things taken individually must also be true of those same things taken collectively; or assumes that what is true of the parts of a thing must be true of the things itself.
Example: This building is built from rectangular bricks; therefore, it must be rectangular.
3) Conversion: The converse of a categorical claim is the claim that results from switching the places of the subject and predicate term.
Example: E: No Norwegians are Slavs. No Slavs are Norwegians. I: Some state capitals are large cities. Some large cities are state capitals.
4) Bivalent Logic: In logic, the semantic principle (or law) of bivalence states that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition (of a theory under inspection) has exactly one truth-value, either true or false. A logic satisfying this principle is called a two-valued logic or bivalent logic.
5) Truth functional symbol (or operator): A representation of a sentence using only letters for its simplest parts-its independent clauses –and logical symbols for negation, conjunction, disjunction, and conditional claims.
Example: Moore will get we ifParker capsizes the boat.
6) Undistributed Middle: A fallacy that occurs when a speakers or writer assumes that two things related to third thing are necessary related to each other that even in principle.
Example: All cats are mammals. All dogs are mammals. Therefore all cats are dogs.
7) Appeal to Ignorance: A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer argues that we should believe a claim because nobody has proved it false.
Example: Nobody ha proved ghosts don’t exist; therefore they do.
8) Circular Reasoning: is a logical fallacy in which the reasoned begins with what they are trying to end with. The components of a circular argument are often logically valid because if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
Example: one can use it in arguments that are meant to inform instead of persuade, in which case the circularity is virtuous and not vicious. Also, circular reasoning can be used to positive effect in arguments designed to classify some piece of data within a theory.
9) Square of opposition: A table of the logical relationship between two categorical claims that correspond to each other.
Example: if we know only that value (true) of the corresponding O- claim. Nothing follows about either the E-or the I-claim. Because the A- and the E- claim can both be false, knowing that the A- claim is false does not tell us knowing that the A- claim is false does not tell us anything about the E-claim—it can still either true or false. And if the E- claim remains undetermined, then so must its contradictory, the I-claim.
10) Contrary: Two statements that cannot both are true but can both be false.
Example: The A proposition 'every man is honest' and the E proposition 'no man is honest' cannot both be true at the same time, since no one can be honest and not honest at the same time. But both can be false, if some men are honest, and some men are not. For if some men are honest, the proposition 'no man is honest' is false. And if some men are not honest, the proposition 'every man is honest' is false also.
According to Christopher peter (1987), the equality prescriptive principle fails in having a meaningful force of normative. This is because the equality principle corresponds with the non-egalitarian justice principle of reinforcement and if it fails it is able to counterbalance with the rest without becoming incoherent. However the principle is effective only when the individuals involved are to be treated and are significantly related and those that are given bad or unjustified treatment will be aware of a better treatment when provided his or her equals. According to Christopher treating individuals equally is bound to clash with treating them as equals because inequality can thus be assumed to be more of a symptom or a sign that is developed to send a warning which is not an inherent evil. Therefore, Christopher asserts that right treatment should succeed equal treatmnet6 when circumstances arise and the two elements clash. The principle of prescriptive equality in the system of justice should prevail especially in situations when decisions are made which are bound to perpetuate the bad without generating any particular benefits.
Similarly, Dworkins (1981) holds that the resources equality theory seeks to establish and specify the meaning of just distribution of resources among the societal individuals. He holds that equal distribution of goods among individuals would be achieved if it is permitted by the envy principle. The envy principle holds that individuals will not permit others to hold more than they have. This is because individuals will acquire what they want and therefore the equality principle is irrelevant. This is similar to the assertion by Christopher because the both hold that individuals must struggle to get what they what. In the market resources distribution, the person’s value is fully determined by the worth of resources in regard to their individuals. Those that acquire resources that are linked with high demand are necessitated to pay higher while those that acquire resources that are not highly demanded will pay less.
Additionally, Christopher, (1987), argues that the equality concept is based on opportunities and this influences the capability of equaling the generated results. The egalitarian logic norm by Christopher peter holds and argues that the equality concept is contradictory by itself and this at times results in absurd’s impacts like wrongs and wastes which level down the benefits achieved by individuals socially. The author questions the egalitarian norms holdings because he claims that the norms are misleading because they aim at favoring those individuals that do not deserve the equality opportunities. The equality principle is termed as empty because it is a tautology and those that deserve equal treatment will get the treatment in whichever means (Christopher, 1987).
Christopher asserts that the equality principle slows the social benefits of those that deserve them because it distributes the benefits to those that have done nothing to acquire the benefits. He, therefore, disowns the equality principle that holds that the treatment principle of treating an individual better generates a reason to treat another person in the same way. He claims that the principle is based on the traditional statement which is wrong. Individuals should be given equal opportunities but not equal treatments because being treated in a better ways mainly depends on the particular individual who works on getting the treatment (Christopher, 1987).
Even though the concept of basic equality can be defined as an independent concern in a particular way there is no responsibility from the equality concept to conduct the things that are impermissible to everyone in equal measure (Dworkin, 1981). Equal treatment does not necessarily mean that we have to treat individuals in the right form because the opportunities are limited by the cases of treatment. Equality should always be rectified by nature’s unfairness which correspondence with equal treatment. Unfairness in trying to achieve equality should compete with the value of the treatment because for instance a child cannot be given the chance to stay wake in the night because his sibling had acquired the same treatment prior. The individuals must, therefore, strive in maintaining the chances (Dworkin, 1981).
Contrarily to Christopher peter Dworkin asserts that the unequal distribution that arises after the auctioning occurs can thus be traced from the brute and option luck (Dworkin, 1981). He, therefore, argues that inequality in resources distribution is not caused by lack of efforts subjection as argued by Christopher but it is caused by lack of opportunity. .With this, he claims that inequality in resources distribution has no issues because inequality is mainly caused by the options and opportunities differences. He asserts that problems are generated when the resources distribution fails the envy test presented. He was, therefore, attempting to emphasize the idea that the equality principle is only real when the inequalities are caused by the brute luck (Dworkin, 1981).
This opposes the principle that is generated by Christopher because it holds that the resources that are gained through the bad and a good luck option and this cannot be included as a section of an individual’s purposes bundle in the test of envy. This is because the risks should be considered before the distribution. This matches the assertion by Christopher which holds that the equality principle results in negative effects as it withdraws the social benefits levels due to the unfair distribution (Dworkin, 1981).
According to Dworkin, (1981), Individuals with handicaps are associated with fewer resources than those who hold equal capabilities. Those individuals with physical or mental in capabilities have challenges in auctioning for the resources that they need as compared to those individuals that are well. Both Christopher and Dworkin agree that equal distribution of resources in the society cannot be achieved fully without the participation of all the involved individuals. This is because the quest for distributing resources is satisfied by the need of resources. Those that require particular resources more are therefore bound to add efforts in order to acquire the resources. Although the lack of opportunities may hinder individuals from achieving that what has required the lack of luck may also prevent the equality from prevailing. The principle of equal distribution of resources cannot be achieved fully because it fails in passing the envy test. Individuals want to own more than the others in order to satisfy their needs and therefore, the drives of individuals in acquiring resources may not be equal. The capabilities of individuals in acquiring resources matters so much and this is why the equal distribution of resources may not be achieved fully. Both authors hold that resources must be distributed based on needs and not based on a traditional moral measure of distributing resources unequally. Although the equality principle is aimed at satisfying the individual’s needs it fails in identifying trends that should determine equal distribution.
According to Elkington, (1994) in order for the business to attain sustainable value and development, environmental considerations must be followed. This should, therefore, be the purpose of improving the surrounding performance. The sustainable development can, therefore, be achieved by considering the development policies in increasing the awareness on the environmental preservation. The author holds that the organization can be involved in environmental gaming where them, the consumers, as well as the environment, can be the sole winners. O’Brien, Catherine (2008), holds that the companies can be involved in environmental expanding by reporting the corporate environment which includes the target audiences and environmental disclosures of the exponent’s field. This is similar to Staut Hart and Milstein Mark, (2003), who holds that organizations must be ready to develop a framework in dealing with the societal challenges in achieving global sustainability. This should, therefore, be aimed at creating high value to the corporate shareholders by the organization.
According to Staut Hart and Milstein Mark, (2003), sustainability can be achieved through pollution prevention, utilization of clean technology, pyramid base and stewardship of products. This, therefore, involves the cooperation minimizes the generated wastes and minimizing the emissions generated from operations and facilities. The organization should, therefore, aim at engaging their stakeholders by managing all the products cycles. In order to develop the corporate environment, the organizations are necessitated to utilize the clean technology in developing and deploying the coming generation. This strategy is therefore aimed at securing the future of the organization which fully depends on the environment.
The cooperation should therefore not be self-fish and it should consider the well-being of the society. According to the article social responsibility is essential in ensuring that the cooperation achieves the long-term benefits since successfully depends on the community. Moreover, this is similar to the assertion by Elkington, (1994) which holds that the corporate surrounding is essential for the sustainability development of the business. Both articles agree that the businesses should create a favorable environment that favors all the involved individuals in the environment. However, the articles differ in ways that the organizations can achieve and meet the needs of those that are poor and underserved. Both articles agree that technology should be utilized in developing the corporate technology by reducing the risks involved as well as cost. This should be achieved by minimizing pollutions and emission in order to ensure the wellbeing of the corporate as well as of the society. Additionally, Elkington , (1994), holds that environmental conservation is aimed at increasing the value of the shareholders while on the other hand Staut Hart and Milstein Mark, (2003), holds that it should be purposed for social responsibility and it is, therefore, the issue of the firm on deciding the initiatives to undertake.
De George, (1987), The organization should work beyond the selfish measures by ensuring that it is involved in social responsibilities in ensuring that it achieves sustainable development. The organization should be flexible enough to adopt the changing trends while accomplishing the objective of meeting the needs of individuals. Human resource management should thus be integrated with the supply chain management in ensuring that the business ethics in the organization are considered. The development of human resource is expected to play a crucial role in the social responsibility of the corporate and therefore, it should be managed properly. Sustainability can highly be influenced by HRD And business ethics because it holds a greater capacity of ensuring that the organization is associated with continuity as it gives more focus on performance as well as efficiency in the operation. However in accomplishing this business must, therefore, be conscious of its own role and therefore the business is fully accountable for sustainability achievement. Business ethics are essential in ensuring that sustainability development is easily achieved through performance development.
Similarly according to Mintzberg, Simons, & Basu, (2002), the organization must operate beyond self-benefits as they are required to consider the societal well-being. The value of the corporate stakeholders must be considered as well as those of the society and the environment. The article holds that most organizations are focused on ensuring that they maximize their value generation thus forgetting sustainability development. Social responsibility is crucial in ensuring that individuals are fully concerned about the environment and that the future success is ensured. The article additionally holds that the success of the business is not influenced by profitability but by the needs to become innovative. The cooperation should ensure that the needs of the society well take taken off by incorporating innovation and technology. This should work beyond the self-measure because the corporate development depends on the general social performance.
According to wood, (1991), the corporate should give more focus on developing the corporate responsibility by developing the society. This should thus be focused on achieving social improvement which is essential in corporate development. The authors, therefore, agree that social development is crucial in ensuring that sustainability is achieved. However, the articles differ in ways that the corporate should achieve social responsibility without causing social issues.
References
De George, Richard T.,(1987)"The Status of Business Ethics: Past and Future," Journal of Business Ethics,6(3), pp. 201-211.
Dworkin, R. (1981) What is Equality? Part II: Equality of Resources. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 10 (4): 283 -345.
Elkington, J. (1994). Towards the Sustainable Corporation. California Management Review, Winter: 90-100.
Hart, S., & Milstein, M.B. (2003) Creating Sustainable Value. Academy of Management Executive, 17 (2): 56-67.
Mintzberg, H., Simons, R., & Basu, K. (2002). Beyond Selfishness.
O’Brien, Catherine (2008). Sustainable Happiness: How Happiness Studies Can Contribute to a More Sustainable Future, Canadian Psychology, 49(4):289-295.
Peters, Christopher J., Equality Revisited, Harvard Law Review Vol. 110 No. 6, 1210 -1264 (April 1997)
Wood, D. (1991) Toward Improving Corporate Social Performance, Business Horizons, July – August, 66-73.
In my earlier years, writing for me was just a notation of my general feeling at a moment that I put down in my diary. But at this stage learning about the diversity of literature and learning how to put all the many ideas into words that make sense to any reader. The key thing that I have learnt is how structure affects the elements of a story. The structure of a story helps control the theme of the story. The best lesson is how planning can ahead can help during the writing process.
Before a person writes, there are certain things that a person wants to put across to the audience. So it is important to know the motivation behind your will to write. In many cases people are driven by guilt, pasts, or just the need to highlight the certain issues in the society. So identifying the motivation is very important. After that as a writer it is important to note of the plot, characters, setting and theme. If you highlight these things, then it will be much easier to write a flowing story (Lenhart 2001)
According to the genre of whatever you want to write I have learnt that the frame work is important. The frame work ensures that all the themes are brought out automatically to the writer. When writing, the idea is to captivate the writer and help them see the world in your eyes so it is important that all the message is brought out clearly. The reader must be captivated and always want to read another page of your work. Learning about creative writing has really helped in making me a better more experienced writer.
References
Lenhart, G. (2001). Native moments: Creative writing ideas from classic American literature. New York: Teachers & Writers Collaborative.
London developed the philosophy of survival of the fittest based on Herbert Spencer’s concept of survival for the fittest. This generally means that a creature is best suited to a surrounding have better chances of surviving than creatures that are less suited. London philosophy, therefore, holds that only the strong creatures that have the ability to adapt to their surrounding were capable of surviving. London, therefore, suggested that learning fails in playing a greater role in species survival. This is because luck does not favor survival and a main change of the environment would result in a change than before thus living longer and reproducing even more. The process of surviving as illustrated by London in his stories is amoral and ruthless and there are no creatures that can be referred to as beneficent.
In the call of the wild by London the survival for the fittest philosophy is well illustrated in that as soon as the buck was kidnapped he is able to learn that a fresh law that applies in life which is contrary to the law of fellowship and love which he knew before (London, 1903). According to London, the fresh law that he must learn to live with is the law of fang and cub which is a phrase that best describes his philosophy of survival for the fittest (London, 1903). The law of cub refers to that individual who has greater force access as a dog’s master. The stronger creatures are able to acquire the win to control and those that are weaker ones are therefore bound to submit and serve is, therefore, effective at conquering or getting killed. Buck is able to understand all this at a speedy pace after he receives a beating and then adopts it. The key element of survival according to London is the adaptation. Buck is able to adapt to London’s law of fang which is able to adapt to the world of the dog. He is able to realize that there is no fair play and once you are unable to survive there is no more of you. This drives him to resolve the concept of never going down (London, 1903).
In order to survive buck is able to prove that he is the strongest of the dogs by demonstrating sing his courage and his ability to be the most resourceful. Since buck proves to be the strongest that is required to survive according to London’s philosophy he is able to survive the ruthless existence struggle (London, 1903). In the novel, the survival for the fittest law applies in the world of humans in that the first owners of buck are men that are shrewd and have thus adapted to the surroundings demands. The men are matched for the existing challenges that they are bound to encounter. Contrarily Mercedes, Hal, and Charles who arrived from the south to the north are unable to adapt t the demands of the environment since they are from a civilized location and they are unable to survive as they perish because of their in capabilities. London as a determinist believed that existence is conditioned entirely by the surrounding and the environment. This is evident in the call for the world because when buck lives a life that is comfortable in the ranch that makes him a domestic dog. The deeper instincts are hidden because of his surrounding which fails to expose them out. He is able to acquire change when the environment that he lives in is changed and he becomes unrecognizable from the pet that he was prior. Based on London’s philosophy, although the environment played a huge part in shaping him heredity was also an influence. Buck is able to adapt well as he inherited fiercer instincts from the ancestors on knowing what needs to be done in order to survive (London, 1903).
In the call of the wild, the experience of buck follows the principle of survival for the fittest based on the theory by Darwin (London, 1903). Buck is molded by the occurrence of changes in the environment thriving as he posses the required gifts from the genetics of intelligence and strength in order to adapt to the mutable circumstances. He is a sample of an understanding of the theory of survival of the fittest. Although buck was raised in the ease of domestic in the estate he is able to learn easy things that are required in enduring the brutal environment of sledding dogs. This can be explained by the law of fang and club in that when he learns of the ways that he would utilize in stealing food from the Canadian masters his theft marked his capability to fit in the environment and survive in the hostile capability of adjusting to various situations. The call of the wild is a reflection of London’s admiration of survival abilities. Buck proves to be a fit animal that poses fit mental and physical abilities which is superior to the abilities of other dogs (London, 1903).
Similarly, in the white fang, London demonstrates how wild animals that are from the south and there must, therefore, learn in all means to cope will all kinds of primitive situations in order to survive. Through an environment change and adequate attention they are changed and become civilized animals of the south location (London, 1906). The only cub that proves to be the strongest and most resourceful is the white fang because of the survival of the fittest theory with the elimination concept of the weak creatures. The capability of creatures to fresh and distinct surrounding constitutes the important which relates to the idea of London that there must be a struggle for survival in the hostile environment because that is the dominant concept of survival. Naturalism was well incorporated in London’s thoughts which involve the techniques and the modes of viewing life from a different perspective. Through the white fang, London comfortably depicts his sights in the north with scientific objectivity. This is because white fang is capable of capturing the pure essence of the frozen north with all the life issues. Naturalism by London holds that a man that is controlled by basic essential is not capable of doing a greater thing to secure his stronger destiny (London, 1906). Therefore, the environment and hereditary instincts are useful in controlling the ability of a creature to secure life. White fang is exposed to the cruel environment nature along with his own mother he is, therefore, able to learn how to fight hunger in several ways in order to survive. Additionally, he is able to learn that in order to survive learning to fight is essential and this is influenced by his desire to overcome cruelty and emerge at the top. Kiche is able to survive as he utilizes his strength and determination to survive in luring the sled dogs from the site and consuming them. This thus made her fit to survive because when the necessity to survive rose she is capable of attacking humans (London, 1906).
The call of the wild is a transformation story in which an old buck which is a civilized and a moral buck is necessitated to adjust to the harsh realities of the environment of life in the frosty north a placed where survival is almost impossible (London, 1903). The moral of the place is to kill or to be killed because that is the only morality in Klondike among the dogs. The buck realizes that he must survive from the instant that he leaves the boat as he is able to watch the occurrence of violent death of his own friend by the name curly. There is a need to survive in the wilderness since it is a cruel place because it is the world that is not characterized by care and only the strong ones are left to survive. This depicts the philosophy of London which explains the fierce competition in the world with the availability of scarce resources which is only able to cater for the stronger individuals (London, 1903). Survival of the fittest philosophy by London is a phrase that best describes the experience of Buck perfectly. In the old and warmer existence he is required to sacrifice his own life out of the consideration of morals. However, he is perfectly able to abandon such factors of consideration in order to secure his own life and survive. Buck can be referred as a savage creature who is a hardly a moral person. Based on the statements by London there lacks to be a higher destiny for any individual in the world because the only way to survive is to struggle in order to win in the mastery battle. In order to survive buck learns various lessons when he entered the wilderness because he is required to learn various things in order to survive and learn them plus. The novel thus suggests that the success of the buck is frozen in North which requires learning the ways of the wilderness. Buck is able to recover his primitive instinct in which the ancestors of the wild held the same (London, 1903).
White fang utilizes the theme of naturalism. According to London naturalism describes those that viewed life in a strict way from an approach of a science. The case translates to a man view as well as that of creatures that are heredity victims and the environment (London, 1906). The theme of environmentalism is signaled in white fang as London describes animism with desolation sinister. According to London’s idea of survival-natural selection refers that only those that are the brightest and most malleable rudiments of a species are therefore required to survive. London’s philosophy and his idea of surviving are embodied by the character white fang. From the commencement, he is characterized as the strongest wolf cub and he is the only one of the existing litter who survives the scarcity. The white fang is demonstrated as a strong and an intelligent dog which thus makes him the most feared dog in the camp of India. When he was defending Scott judge white fang takes bullets that were intended for Scott but he is able to survive in a miraculously way. The character is demonstrated as one with the strongest ability to survive (London, 1906). This, therefore, shows the strength with one should hold in order to survive one must really the capability of getting out of struggles with scars but with the ability to survive. According to London, those that have the ability to survive must, therefore, be able to adapt to different changes that may occur in the environment that they are in. One must, therefore, be ready to take risks and have the required capability of coming out as a stronger person. Life for the strong individuals cannot be lost because it is which that is utilized to show their capability. The world is not a fair place and it is therefore characterized by scarcity and therefore in order to dominate and take the best of resources one must be a survivor (London, 1906). One of the elements of the white fang book that might be overlooked is the ability of the character to adapt to fresh situations and establish ways to survive. White fang is able to learn how to fight the other dog and by this he learns to obey the new masters because he cannot afford to lose his own life. He understands that in order to survive and eradicate the posting challenges of his existence he must learn to fight the evil that lies under the beauty guidance and he is able to love and acquire tame from Scott Weedon (London, 1906).
The theme of the environment is well incorporated with the ability of those that are strong to survive. London incorporates social and biological determinism in showing that those that are fit have the ability to survive over those that lacks the fitness. He, therefore, demonstrates the fit ones as those individuals who hold the capability of social and biological fitness (London, 1906). London insists that despite the fact that beauty smith was illustrated as a monstrosity this blame must be lying elsewhere. He is therefore not responsible for the unfitness because the weakness is held by the environment that he lives in. Additionally, Jim hall is illustrated as one who is a victim of the surrounding because he cannot be held responsible for the actions. The struggle of white fang is well portrayed by the given description which describes him as a three forth consume and one-fourth dog. This, therefore, leads to the struggles that are of him which exist between the civilized impulses that he has and the wild ones. London, therefore, establishes facts of the existence cycle of a wolf in the early life of white fang (London, 1906).
From the story of my life, London still holds on his philosophy of survival for those individuals that are fit. The story is based on two gold prospectors who are the unnamed individual and bill who are involved in a struggle to survive Canada tundra a place which is completely frozen (London, 2010). The two are forced to cross tundra in the search for food since al that while they had been suffering from starvation and elements exposure. This was exposing them to dangers of life because the lack of food would have thus resulted in death. They, therefore, chose to opt for a different way in order to survive and they opted to move in search of meals. Bill is characterized by the survival will and when the unnamed individual sprains his ankle he, therefore, abandons him and proceeds via the wilderness thus his will to survive leads him to greater tests. Although the bill had the will to survive he lacks the capability and he is able to go through different situations but he is unable to come out alive. He is later killed by the elements in which he is exposed to in the wilderness and his motivation was his ask of gold. The man whose ankle had sprained is able to survive despite the possessing struggles that he faced with his sprained ankle. According to the philosophy by London of struggling to survive one must be willing to and hold on to the fitness to the very end. The story is an exploration of the will of an individual to survive. The survival moments are therefore associated with fear hunger and anguish that is endured by London’s protagonists (London, 2010).
In white fang humans who are dominated by their halves that are primitive are criminals and degenerates. London focuses more directly on the struggle of human thus making suggestion that they must struggle in order to acquire the scarce things (London, 1906). In the call of the wild Buck can be interpreted as an oppressed subject from the perspective of London’s philosophy. Buck is oppressed to his cruel masters who utilize their corrupt powers to make his life undesirable. Under the brutal conditions of buck’s life, he is necessitated to do everything that is in his power in order to survive. In his struggle to become fit to live he becomes a thief and a brute while individually struggling to fend. The socialistic of buck is encouraged by Thornton’s benevolent with the equitable treatment. According to London, one must be able to survive the social challenges as well as the surrounding. Without the guidance of Thornton buck is left to rely on his own instincts in order to survive. Therefore, under the corrupt power, London’s philosophy of survival for the fittest applies as things must, therefore, be made right in order to survive (London, 1906). Under the harsh conditions in the society and in the environment the evolutionally, the primitive brute residue of the hundred generations is able to take control of the requirements. Based on the philosophy by London with a system which is characterized by less oppression cooperation can comfortably flourish. The civilized half is capable of containing the brute and being nurtured (London, 1906).
In conclusion, based on London’s philosophy of survival Creatures that are well equipped with the fitness of overcoming life problems that are displayed by the socialism and biological factors are more likely to survive. This is the creatures that possess the strength of overcoming olds have more survival chances than those that do not. Those that are less fit to overcome challenges have no chances for survival. The world is a cruel place which is characterized with unfairness and therefore, the creatures are required to struggle in order to acquire part of the scarce resources that the environment offers. The capability to be strong and resourceful is what makes the creatures fit to survive. The environment plays a greater part in the transformation that enables one to adapt to changes by hereditary factor is most influential based on London’s philosophy of survival for the fittest.
Work Cited
London, J. (1906).White Fang. Retrived From Http://Www.Pinkmonkey.Com/Dl/Library1/London06.Pdf
London, J. (1903).The Call of the Wild. Ebooks Publisher. Retrieved From Http://Www.Ibiblio.Org/Ebooks/London/Call%20of%20Wild.Pdf
London, J. (2010). Love of Life and Other Stories. Retrieved From Http://Www.Mckinley.K12.Hi.Us/Ebooks/Pdf/Llife10.Pdf
The issue of Grendel being a human or a monster is viewed from different perspectives. By classification, Grendel is viewed as a monster due to his physical appearance and the strength that form part of his monstrosity. His ability to carry a large number of thirty warriors at a go further complicates things. His grotesques form and his greed act towards human flesh contribute to the twist. Grendel as an antagonist does not have a clear distinction from a normal human being. This is based on his relationships and characteristics (Stitt, 1).
Grendel’s is a human who has gone wild. His emotions play a great part. He is a pitiful monster who is guided by human whims and emotions. This shows that he has the characteristics of human beings. He is seen to have a great aggression due to loneliness and jealousy (Stitt, 1). In his life, Grendel is seen to crave for human acceptance because he felt like one and wanted to live in the society of human beings. He wanted to find the joy and the love that he found in Heorot. Grendel grew up in the world monsters hate, evil and violence the reason as to why he was looking for joy and love. This shows that he has the feelings of a normal person. He was different and due to this he led an attack on the festive hall because he did not get the love and the acceptance he wanted. He was ragging with madness because of the way he was being treated as an outcast and a monster in human society. This shows that he had feelings of a human being (Beowulf, 1).
The tie between Grendel’s and his mother which demonstrates human pride outlines them as human beings. He is seized with terror when he learns that Beowulf is a stronger man than any other man he knew. This was ingrained in his brain that portrays him as a human being (Beowulf, 1). Another instance is when Grendel was asked to pay some money to the town people. This was in accordance with the law. Grendel could not have been told to pay the money if he was not a human. He was also expected to abide by the law that was governing the people of the town if he was not thought to be a human (Stitt, 1).
Grendel is a human considering that he had hair. Monsters and animals are to have wool and fur and not hair. This indicates Grendel as a human. He had normal human body parts as well his mother. In war times, Grendel, his mother, and siblings have used weapons during war times to conquer their enemies. Normal humans use their intelligence to use weapons during wartime rather than teeth, claws and instincts. This is a clear indication that Grendel is a human. Grendel’s mother had a neck and smashed vertebrae do correspond with that of a human being. They had footprints, blood, a thumb, and flesh supports Grendel as a human being (Stitt, 1).
When Beowulf paid Grendel a visit he described the Grendel’s situation by saying that he was lying in a death bed. It is only in a human form that indicates death-bed. This is because it is only human beings lie on beds. Such a visit is only done by humans who show concern to others. Human beings take care of each other when sick and do make efforts to see one well. They sympathize along with each other and work towards a certain direction (Stitt, 1).
Grendel’s ancestors have emotions, bonds and the physical trait that clearly proves that he is human. When Grendel dies his mother goes o a revenge ahead to avenge his son death. This shows that they were humans with emotions and they were aware of what they were doing. Grendel was descendent of Cain who was a human. By logic, Grendel would also be human (Beowulf, 1). Basically, spirits are plagued into humans and not animals. Grendel father was once begotten by a very mysterious spirit presumably an evil spirit. This describes Grendel father as a human which also make his son a human being. Grendel’s lineage and ancestry prove that he is a human (Stitt, 1).
In conclusion, Grendel characters are different some may appear as animals, others as humans and others as creatures. The narrator of the story uses human body parts to describe Grendel physical appearance. His intelligence into using weapons instead of claws, instincts as well as teeth clearly states that he was human. He is also seen with one who has emotions like greed, love, and fear which is found in humans. He has close relations with the town people and with his mother and this is evident in humans. In his ancestry lineage, his mother in her emotions to avenge her son’s death shows that she is human while his father was a human who was plagued by an evil spirit. This, therefore, proves that he was a human as his lineage shows of their humanity. Grendel is a human.
Abeng is a story that appears on the surface to be about a girl who slowly learns about the world around her and the various differences in attributes that people in her community have. Set in the 1950’s, the novel focuses on Clare savage, a 12 year old Jamaican girl and the events that unfold as she tries to better understand who she is and the world she lives in. however, the way in which the novel is framed ends up exposing the multicultural history that existed in Jamaica and how people in society fully understood the effects that their history had on their livelihood. With the various characters in the novel, the author is able to use their experiences to show how learning a people’s history could help shape up society and act as a tool for inciting people to fight oppression and other hardships that may befall a community.
The major character, Clare Savage, can be seen as a representation of part of the Jamaican society that is oblivious of their history and how it was being used against them. Claire is a light skinned girl, daughter to a dark skinned mother and a light skinned mother. Even though most people during this time were unaware of the prejudices that different people, especially the dark skinned, endured simply on the basis of their color, it played a big role on how people were viewed in society. By showing the impact that skin color had on the way people were viewed and treated in society, the author is able to create a relationship between Jamaica’s cultural history, the story being told and the character’s memories. This is because people were regarded and treated differently not only because of the color of their skin but also the position they held in society because of the lineage they came from which could be traced back to their ancestors (Cliff, 170).
Even though the characters did not really understand what color prejudice was, the light skinned people were often held in high regards and were respected in society. Because of this, they had some level of control over the dark skinned members of society and often used it to their advantage. Clare’s father for instance is proud of his British heritage and even though he is married to a dark skinned woman, he often emphasizes that her daughter should strive to be like other light skinned people (Cliff 71). He portrays the light skinned as being better than the dark skinned people and greatly undermines the roles that Africans play in society. However, in order for the light skinned to maintain their good image, they try as much as they can to only focus on the good things they did in the past while also focusing on the shortcomings of the dark skinned people over the years.
Even though Clare’s mother does not agree with her husband’s views, she does not make her stand because she does not want appear to be disrespectful to her light skinned husband. Kitty savage’s ancestry traces back to Nanny, a woman who led people to rebelling against slavery during her time. Even though Kitty does not express her views to her daughter out of respect for her husband, she remains deeply rooted in her African culture. Like other characters, she uses the memory she has of her cultural history to strengthen the beliefs she has in her African culture. When Clare accidentally kills her bull while attempting to hunt a wild pig, her mother blames the mistake on her light skinned ancestry. The father on the other hand blames the misfortune on Clare’s African ancestry (Cliff 123).
The light skinned and dark skinned characters have a different way of viewing history and as a result, they have a different perspective of how things should operate. The author uses this contrast in the people’s views to show how the Jamaican cultural history affected the characters in the Abeng community. Clare’s father believes that the light skinned people are better than the dark skinned people. He views them as people who used to be slaves and thus less civilized than the light skinned. As a result, he condemns Clare’s association with dark skinned people and even discourages her from speaking in Patois, a language for Africans. He views himself as being better than the dark skinned especially because he is from the lineage of Judge Savage, a man who was once a slave owner. In order to maintain the supremacy of the light skinned, people like Claire’s father choose to leave out any negative information that may take away from the positive image they are painted in. Claire’s father for example, leaves out the fact that his great grandfather chose to kill hundreds of slaves rather than freeing them after Jamaica’s emancipation (Cliff 71).
Through these characters, the author is trying to say that issues of discrimination on the basis of color existed. Dark skinned people were considered as being lesser people compared to the light skinned. As a result, they were oppressed and discriminated against. Light skinned people, believed to be more superior, found it effective to rely on slaves whom they treated inhumanely (Cliff 60). They saw themselves as being better simply because they skin was lighter and they used this as an excuse to oppress the dark skinned. Though most of the Africans hated being slaves and the treatment they got as a result, few were willing to rebel against the light skinned and this gave them more power and control over them. However, there were a select few who stood up and fought to end slavery. These few were looked upon by other dark skinned people not only in their time but also in years even after they had passed away.
By using history in the narrative, the author gives an impression of a past where oppression and discrimination on the basis of skin color was a major issue in Jamaica. Its hold on the people was so strong that even up to now, the effects are still seen and this is seen in relation to how characters view themselves. Claire’s father believes he is superior and better off simply because he is light skinned and that he comes from a lineage that is known for accomplishing great things. Clare’s mother on the other hand, a dark skinned woman, is forced to keep her views to herself and to let her daughter be misled by a proud father. Despite his great grandfather being responsible for the death of hundreds of people, Clare’s father still uses him as an example of a good role model just because he was white. The author therefore uses these character memories to show how life was in Jamaica’s cultural history, its effect on the people then and how it affects how people live their lives in the Abeng community.
Work cited
Cliff, Michelle. Abeng. New York: Dutton, 1990. Print.
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