The Right of Silence in the Police Station

The right to maintaining silence at a police station’s interview  is  recognized an  a legalized right  either  by convention or  explicit in most  of the worldwide legal  systems.  The particular right  is a coverage  of  numerous  issued  that are grounded  on the right of the defendant or accused  person in denying to give  answers  to the  provided  queries either before or  during the  procedure  of a court proceeding  in a law court[1].  This can also be described as the right of avoiding self incrimination. The  right normally incorporates the  offering that  adverse inferences  cannot be  developed  by  the jury  or judge in regard of the  defendant refusal  to provide  answers to the given questions during hearing, trial or any additional  legal proceedings[2]. This right is only a constitution of a small section of the rights of the defendant in general.

The significance of the silence right has mainly to do with the authority it holds in influencing the court’s or the case’s outcome.  This right therefore equips suspects with the right of democracy which is a representation of people’s power[3]. A suspect has the right to enjoy the silence right at the police station during an interrogation.  However, when a suspect chooses on remaining silent they are  charged  which is followed  by a defense  advances  where during the trial there is a danger of the court  drawing  adverse  inferences against the suspect’s  inferences  under section 34 of the criminal justice as well as  public order act of the year 1994.  Inferences that  are  adverse  can additionally  be drawn  in the situation  where the  defendant fails  in accounting  for the objects  that are  found in his possession  or presence based on section 36 and 37[4].

Suspects can participate in trials or legal proceeding without legal interrogations with genuine reliance of legal authority.  The right to maintaining silence at an interview in a police station cannot be considered as a basic human right.  This is because humans generally hold the right of making personal decisions through the several provided legal ways.  Remaining silent during questioning can thus be accounted as one of the strategy which holds its unique authority. This right is normally taken for granted but it holds adverse effects on the defendant as well as the justice system in general. The right offers the freedom of human protection through ensuring that authority is not utilized as the major determinant factor in the rule.

Traditionally, the silence right  has  always been recognized  as one of the significant and primary pillars of the united kingdom’s  legal system  which worked together  with  the innocence  presumption  as well as the proof’s  burden in  protecting the rights of the suspects within  the justice  criminal system.  However the law has experienced different reforms which are aimed at offering protection to the suspects as well as enhancing the general performance of the system of justice. Each individual who is charged with criminal offences is presumed as innocent until they are adequately and justifiably proven to be guilty based on legal law.  It should therefore be recalled that the silence right is much better interpreted as the liberty against self incrimination[5].  The right  is a freedom  and cannot  therefore  be perceived as  divulge information for incrimination which results  into  diverse  implications that is so essential to the right rather than the actions  of silent  maintenance.

It is misleading to make a suggestion that the silence right has remained to be absolute as this has not always been the situation.  The jury  can  interpret the situation as  an  allegations acceptance  via the silence  offered by the suspect and therefore the  failure of the suspect or the defendant  may be reminded by the judge to the jury in providing statements which is  regarded as a secure  examination[6].  In addition, it is important to note that the silence right does not hinder the jury or magistrate from indulging the defendant’s silence as a guilt in spite of the judge’s guidelines. However, in belief  the silence  right  has remained  to be unbroken  until  the development  of Public Order And  Criminal Justice Act 1994 which  formed the ground  for the present law thus destroying  the silence right  as well as eroding the presumption  principle  of maintaining  silence[7].

The philosophy behind the notion that the silence right affects the ability of the justice system to easily and fairly achieves its objective is based on that silence is guilt’s evidence.  It is widely claimed that innocent can be regarded as speaking right while guiltiness is an evoking silence privilege.  In other  words,  this is a basic concept  that  only those that  are  guilty holds something that is worth hiding and therefore silence  can be  termed as a mere guilty protection strategy. Silence at a police station’s interview may be triggered by several factors like anxiety, fear, confusion, anger and the interest of offering protection to another individual.  As such, it would be  therefore  inaccurate to state or assume  that silence  can be  regarded as a guilt reflection when  the above feelings may  trigger  the  reaction  in the particular  situations.  In addition, developing a scenario where  the suspects feels  disadvantaged after  opting to be silent  generates the pressure  of  speaking  out  regardless of whether  they are innocent  or guilty.  This situation can therefore develop the possibility of the suspect incriminating themselves and raising the probability of increasing evidence that is inaccurate and unreliable.

The right to silent to a suspect as been argued to be a primary hamper of the justice system’s investigations.  However , regardless of whether  the argument is true, this cannot  be accounted  for  since the nature of the criminal process  does not  permit  the defendant  to assist  in the investigation.  It is thus unjust to permit the suspects to incriminate themselves when this is not a necessity of the legal system.  However, when a suspect offers comments on the asked questions the justice system is able to establish grounds on which adequate investigation can be conducted.  In addition, the silence right affects the ability of the justice system because it results in the creation of trapped defenses since the defense holds more information in regard to the case and hinders the ability of the police to establish the truth.

Currently, the UK’s silence right has decreased to a phase of adverse assumptions that are being drawn.  Based on the recent studies the general investigation performance of the justice system is affected by the right in numerous ways[8].  First, suspect is highly likely to exercise their silence right if they have engaged in serious criminal offenses.  It is therefore the duty of the police to gather information in regard to the offense and the best place to start is through questioning the suspects. A suspect who has previously not  been charged with criminal offenses  are unlikely to utilize  silence and thus  the right  is  practiced  by  experienced  offenders.  The particular right therefore offers adequate protection to the offenders and provides them with a way of avoiding convictions[9].  In addition, suspects who have been charged before are likely to practice the right because they understand the system probably and may be involved in future offences.

The silence right provides more benefits to the defendants as compared to the justice system which gains nothing.  In that, the right gives more opportunities for the defendant to provide trapped and strategized evidence.  On the other hand, it benefits the justice system or the prosecutor by offering further strength.  This is because the silence creates suspicious to the police and thus the investigation process is bound to intensify in order to obtain justice. The justice system is weakened by the right by being denied the opportunity to exercise its power.  The silence right is argued to be a symbolic value depiction of essential freedom as well as civil autonomy of an individual[10].  Without the presence of the silent right authorities are bound to attend extreme power which would result in zero liberties.  The right therefore, impacts the justice system positively by enhancing fairness[11]. Basically, the right assists the prosecution in ensuring that the prosecution does not convict the wrong person thus demanding for further investigation into the offences. 

In summing up, the current right to silent law can be described as an acceptable measure which offers protection to the justice system as well as the right.  The right offers enough protection to the defendants within the imitated measures and imposition of caution.  However, in order to ensure that the right assists the justice system in accomplishing it role the law should indicate measure through which the right can or may not be utilized.  This is to ensure that justice and protection of the defendant is offered in a maximum nature without biases.

            References

Bradford, B. & Loader, I. Police, Crime and Order: The Case of Stop and Search. Sage Handbook, 2006.  Pdf

Choo, A. L.-T. Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2015

Hannibal, M. Criminal litigation 2016-2017. Place of publication not identified: Oxford Univ Press, 2016.

Player, E., et al. Remanded in Custody: An Analysis of Recent Trends in England and Wales.  Howard league and Blackwell publishing, 2010. Ltd. Pp. 231-251.

Sosa, K. In the Public Interest Reforming the Crown Prosecution Service. Policy Exchange, 2010. Pdf

            Cases

R. v Condron Times (1996) CA 93 (Crim Div). Right to silence in the police  station.

R.V Condron v Cowan (1996) Times the right of silence, legal privilege and the decision in Condron.

[1] R.V Condron v Cowan (1996) Times the right of silence, legal privilege and the decision in Condron.

[2] R. v Condron Times (1996) CA 93 (Crim Div). Right to silence in the police station.

[3] Bradford, B. & Loader, I. Police, Crime and Order: The Case of Stop and Search. Sage Handbook, 2006.  Pdf

[4] Bradford, B. & Loader, I. Police, Crime and Order: The Case of Stop and Search. Sage Handbook, 2006.  Pdf

[5] Player, E., et al. Remanded in Custody: An Analysis of Recent Trends in England and Wales.  Howard league and Blackwell publishing, 2010. Ltd. Pp. 231-251.

[6] Bradford, B. & Loader, I. Police, Crime and Order: The Case of Stop and Search. Sage Handbook, 2006.  Pdf

[7] Player, E., et al. Remanded in Custody: An Analysis of Recent Trends in England and Wales.  Howard league and Blackwell publishing, 2010. Ltd. Pp. 231-251.

[8] Sosa, K. In the Public Interest Reforming the Crown Prosecution Service. Policy Exchange, 2010. Pdf

[9] Sosa, K. In the Public Interest Reforming the Crown Prosecution Service. Policy Exchange, 2010. Pdf

[10] Hannibal, M. Criminal litigation 2016-2017. Place of publication not identified: Oxford Univ Press, 2016.

[11] Choo, A. L.-T. Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2015

The Courts and Legal Professionals

Response 1

            A supranational court is defined as a judicial system that expresses its decisions transversely boundaries and is supposed to have a higher legal standard than decisions made in individual states. This concept is at times used as a description of the European Union regarding it as a new political unit. There are two major objectives of supranational courts one of them being service to assist the provision of individual citizens who have worn out all their legal means of redress but still felt that they were wronged by the justice mechanism of a given nation. The other objective is to offer services to hold responsible some of the international law violations to a higher standard than it is on domestic level courts. The only possible solution for the Rome Statue is through ratification if only is agreed on and signed into confederation between the Romans and the United States.

Response 2

            In the recent years, it is evident that the judicial independence has been referred to as one of the major values of the justice system. The judicial structure, therefore, is an essential idea of division of powers (Dammer & Albanese 2004). One of the major factors that obstruct this principle is the manner in which the media can expose a case. It is practically essential that personal judges are impartial as well as independent of all the external forces so that those that come before them and the public, in general, have confidence in them and that their cases will be judged fairly. Judges own interest is another type of factor that impedes this principle as it is their right to judge the case basing on the evidence presented before them by the parties in relation to the law and not on their own interest.

References

    Dammer, H., & Albanese, J. (2004). Comparative Criminal Justice System (5th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Police History in the United States of America

Describe the impact of Sir Robert Peel on American policing.

Sir Robert Peel was the main founder of modern policing, and he is also remembered as the founding father of the nine Peelan principle, which is currently being used in policing. After Peel formulated the nine principle, they are still being used as the foundation for other law implementation processes and practices. Due to the effectiveness of these principles, they have stood the taste of time, showing just how determined, and careful Peel was while developing these principles. The principles have therefore earned him respect up to do date in the enforcement community, thus he is highly respected (Baker, 2011).

The following are nine Peelan principles:

The main objective of the police is to avert crime and disorder.

The capability of the police is to undertake their duties is based upon the approval of the public.

The police should safeguard the will assistance of the public under the observation of the law, thus ensuring and maintaining the veneration of the public.

The trust that the public has on the police diminishes when the police use excessive force on the public when it is not necessary (Emsley, 2014).

The police should protect the public interests, through being impartial and operating under the stipulation of the law.

The police should only use force when protecting the public, and if other means have failed, and this means may include advice, warning and persuasion.

The police should always maintain a positive relationship with the public according to the historic traditions of the police, which dictates that the police are the public, and the public is the police. The police should therefore respect the public and thus ensure that they provide the necessary support to the public in time of need (De & Hall, 2009).

The police should only direct their actions towards their services, and they should never go against the dictates of the judiciary.

The efficiency of the police is the lack of criminal activities, thus ensuring that there is peace and unity in an area. Rather than the use of power and force when dealing with crime.  

The main objective of Peel for the existence of the police was to avert crime and to maintain law and order. The nine principles have therefore been incorporated in the American law enforcement, thus making sure that the American police abide to the given principles (Emsley, 2014). Peel’s principles have therefore shaped the face of the American police, hence ensuring that the police in America maintain law and order, and in the same time ensuring a positive relationship with the public. Peel has therefore impacted the American law enforcement positively, since his principles have enabled the police to be able to operate and work in a very good climate, through providing them with principles of guidance (Baker, 2011). The American police, which is one the best law enforcement units in the world, has been able to achieve more due to this principles, which ensure that the police provide safety for the public and in the same time, working hand in hand with the public. Moreover, the police has also been able to maintain a good reputation from the public due to the respect that it has, and the way it exercises its main objective which is to protect the public interests based on the dictates of the law.

Analyze the relationship between the U.S. government and the policing organizations throughout the United States.

The United States has two units of the police, these are: the Federal police and the State Police. The Federal includes the administrations like the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and the Immigration and customs Enforcement (De & Hall, 2009). These units therefore get authority from the US constitution which gives the Congress, the mandate to control taxes and traverse commerce. Each and every unit has its own responsibilities, which distinguishes it from other units. For instance, the FBI is tasked with the objective of pursuing criminals who have crossed the boundaries of the state and the country. On the other hand, the DEA deals with substances which have banned such as drugs, illegal food stuffs and illegal products (Baker, 2011).

When it comes to the state police it has three sub branches of the police which are: County Sheriff, State Trooper, and Local/City police. The state troopers, who are commonly known as the Highway Patrol and the State police, they have the authority over the whole state, but they usually patrol in areas which are sustained by other state level agencies, and this may include Highways and government buildings (Emsley, 2014). County Sheriffs are tasked with the objective of upholding and operating the County jails and patrolling independent areas. City/Local police operate within the cities, and also provide security within cities. Each and every department of the state policing works under the State’s penal Code. The County Sheriffs also do enforce the mandates of the county. The local police works under both the mandates of the county and the ordinances of the city. Each and every state governs itself independently over their jurisdiction, thus each is very dissimilar according to their penal codes. On the other hand, there are also Private, State and Local and Federal penal codes. The Federal Law Enforcement (FLE) has a physical dominion which includes the whole country. Multifaceted, multidimensional, federal agencies emphasis on critical issues which include immigration, human and drug trafficking, the smuggling of guns, telecommunication, transport system’s safety, and issues which go beyond the lines of state’s concern (Baker, 2011).

Explain how this relationship may affect police practices.

The relationship between the U.S government and the policing organizations impacts the police practices positively. This is mainly because, there are two different units of the police, which are the Federal Police and the State Police (De & Hall, 2009). Each and every unit has been given its mandate, the units should therefore work according to the mandate that they are given. Moreover, their duties have been clearly stipulated, in order to make sure that no unit crosses the line of the other unit, thus working appropriately and observing their boundaries. Furthermore, the jurisdiction within which the units are supposed to operate has also been clearly stated, hence making it easier for both units to be able to understand the issues that they are supposed to undertake and the ones they cannot be able to undertake (Emsley, 2014). The federal police, can also work hand in hand with the states police, in case the state police is overwhelmed. This consequently ensures that the country remains stable and the different units of the police can be able to depend on each when there is a crime which requires very serious attention.

Reference

Baker, T. E. (2011). Effective police leadership: Moving beyond management. Flushing, NY: Looseleaf Law Publications, Inc.

Emsley, C. (2014). The English police: A political and social history.

De, L. W., & Hall, A. (2009). Intelligent control: Developments in public order policing in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Skogan, W. G., Frydl, K., & Ebrary, Inc. (2014). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Assignment 1

Q1

Drug trafficking is a transnational crime that has continued to expand despite the demonstration of counterdrug success over the recent years. Cocaine trading is an illicit drug that has continued a serious threat not only to health but to security, safety as well as the financial well-being of people around the world (Reichel & Albanese, 2013). The demand for cocaine has increased in the Unites States and all over the world as it fuels the power of violence and impunity of criminal organization globally. Countries such as America, Mexico West Africa, and Latin America have been labeled as cartels exploiting local and regional criminal organizations of moving the cocaine to Western Europe as well as the Middle East. The increase in drug trafficking has been connected to the increase of local crimes and corruption (Reichel & Albanese, 2013).

Q2

Crime in the US is defined to be an illegal act that is punishable by the state. Crimes of violence can be said to be an offense of element use, tried use or there is a substantial force against property or individual. This may include felony by its nature to a person or property which may be used to commit a crime. In the UK a crime is considered to be an offense that is against the whole community by committing acts that are guilty with a guilty mind (Hirschel, Wakefield & Sasse, 2007). A traditional view in the UK views crimes as a moral fault of an individual. According to the FBI in the US there have been a total of 1,246,248 estimated violent crimes that occurred in 2010 a decrease of 6% from 2009. With these crimes aggravated assaults composed the largest number of 62.5 % while murder took 1.2 % and the rest of robbery crimes. The total number of crime in the UK is more than that of the US. Drug-related crimes are more in the UK by 0.9 % (Hirschel, Wakefield & Sasse, 2007).

In US crime is quantified in two major ways. These are the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) which is calculated by totaling the key crimes together which are accounted for and the National Crime Victimisation Survey (NCVS) which is a scientific survey conducted to the population on whether they have been victims of crime. In the UK official statics which involves contrasting the statistics from the government agencies and bodies such as the courts, police and courts and Victim survey are methods used in measuring crime. This ensures that most of the crimes are captured by the system (Hirschel, Wakefield & Sasse, 2007).

Q3

The US legal system is comprised of codified and uncodified forms of law that has continued to evolve. The legal system in the US is based on the federal law. This came to be when the ancient Americans developed the Bill of Rights considered being the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. Which an increase in understanding the rights has defined crime and how it is measured (Zartner, 2014). The Treaty of Union in the UK which was put into effect in 1707 has guaranteed a continued existence of the legal system in the UK. However, there are three legal systems in the UK in relation to the geographical area. Despite that with the Acts of Union in the UK which has continued to preserve the principles of the law it has shaped the definition of crime, rate, and measurement Partington, 2013).

Q4

In order to compare crime statistics adequately there is the need to improving identifying and addressing the measure of crimes. With the harmonization of the process, there shall be adequate comparison of the crime statistics as the involved member states have a will have a similar procedure of identifying the crimes making sure that all crimes have been reported (Reichel & Albanese, 2013). Therefore it is true to say that with the standardization of the recognition in member states adequate comparison will be achieved.

Reference

Hirschel, J. D., Wakefield, W. O., & Sasse, S. (2007). Criminal justice in England and the United States. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers

Partington, M. (2013). Introduction to the English legal system: 2013 - 2014. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Reichel, P., &Albanese, J. (2013). Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice. SAGE Publications

Zartner, D. (2014). Courts, codes, and custom: Legal tradition and state policy toward international human rights and environmental law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Measuring and Comparing Crime

The availability of credible data is the central concern for the law enforcement agencies as they handling transnational crimes (Cho, 2015). However, not all sources of information are reliable because some may present false or biased information. However there are two sources which I tend to trust in providing transnational information. They are: TV news and academic books. They rarely provide rumors and incomplete information. For instance, a report of drug trafficking in the TV news is usually timely and visually evident. It gives a true account of what transpired during the incidence and everyone is able to point out any chances of biasness. Books on the other hand are reliable in giving historical accounts such as sex slavery. The data present in the books can confidently be used in implementation of the current strategies of combating transnational crimes (Cho, 2015).

As the head of the United Nations agency, I would focus on the transnational crime of human trafficking. Human trafficking has for long been left unplanned for due to lack of a data collection strategy (Cho, 2015). However, web survey is the most effective strategy that would offer the best platform on which online questionnaires are offered to the target audience. Web forms are afterwards used to keep the statistical views and responses that were given by the respondents (Cho, 2015). This strategy is very efficient because it allows automation and real-time access of data and offers a flexible design which is suitable for online data collection and dissemination. It is also cost effective since there is no interviewer hence consuming very little time (Cho, 2015).

References

Cho, S. (2015). Measuring Anti-Trafficking Policy-Integrating Text and Statistical Analyses. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 96(2), 656-683.

Assault, Battery, and Crimes against Persons

A crime of assault is a crime which involves bodily harm, which is majorly followed by an apparent ability to cause the harm. On the other hand, battery is the physical attack on someone by an attacker which results in an offensive sexual contact (Lippman, 2013). The two types of crime that is battery and assault may seem the same but battery is different from assault in that battery involves unlawfully engagement of sexual intercourse between the attacker and the victim. A good example of battery crime is when a lady is pulled into a forest where she is finally raped. On the other hand, a good example of an assault is when a person is beaten up by thugs who end up stealing valuable things from him or her (Fisher & Lab, 2010). This two examples therefore explain the two types of crime in such a way that the both crimes cannot be confused. The main similarities between the two of crime is, in both types of crimes, the victim is usually injured by the attacker. Moreover, in both crimes, the victim is usually forced into doing things that he or she does not want to do. This may involve forcing a victim to give out a valuable thing, or forcing the victim to have sex (McCord, McCord, & Bailey, 2012).

The crime should not be charged as an assault, simply because before the man dragged the victim into the bush, he did not harm her (McCord, McCord, & Bailey, 2012). The man’s actions should be punished as battery, simply because the man dragged the victim into the forest, then stroked the victim before ripping her clothes. This consequently shows the intentions of the man, he was fully headed to raping the victim (Lippman, 2013). If the victim could not have hit the attacker with a rock, then the attacker have raped her. On the contrary, since the victim did not offer any resistance as she was being dragged into the bush by the attacker, this can be termed as consensual touching, whereby the victim afterwards assaulted the attacker by hitting him with a stone (Fisher & Lab, 2010).

False imprisonment is when a person is confined in a certain jurisdiction, whereby he or she cannot be able to move. If the victim was held against her will, then the court could be able to convict the attacker in order to punish him. This is consequently because, the victim was held against her will, and thus the attacker had committed false imprisonment (Fisher & Lab, 2010). This would therefore allow the court to convict the attacker for punishment. The attacker, held the victim against her will, thus the attacker committed the crime. Secondly, the attacker dragged the victim and confined her in a bush. This consequently shows how the attacker was cruel, and he did everything in the violation of the law, thus making the court to punish him because of committing the crime (McCord, McCord, & Bailey, 2012).

False imprisonment and kidnapping, are two different types of crime which might seem the same, in the sense that in both crimes, the victim is usually confined by the attacker (Fisher & Lab, 2010). There is however a very big difference between the two types of crime since each one of them has its own effects and durations through which the victim is usually confined within a certain jurisdiction (Lippman, 2013). Kidnapping is the physical movement of a person, without his or her consent, with the intent of using the seizure in association with other infamous objectives. Kidnapping can therefore be done so as the attackers can receive a ransom, or political reasons, or other reasons (McCord, McCord, & Bailey, 2012).

On the other hand, false imprisonment is the confinement of a person, without his or her consent by an attacker in such a way as to go against the person’s rights to move freely from one place to another (McCord, McCord, & Bailey, 2012). False improvement does not therefore involve the illegal transportation of a person without his or her consent. The main objective of false imprisonment is either to gain important information from the victim, or otherwise to contain the police from firing at the attacker due to the fear of collateral damage. False imprisonment ‘in most cases is usually conducted in bank robbery, whereby the attackers confine the victims in order to avoid being hit by the police, because they will avoid causing collateral damage (Fisher & Lab, 2010).

Therefore, kidnapping is more heinous than false imprisonment, simply because in kidnapping, the victim is usually subjected to some form of harm (McCord, McCord, & Bailey, 2012). The kidnappers may harm the victim in order to frustrate either the victim’s parents or relatives that is, when asking for a ransom. Moreover, if the victim’s relatives do not comply with the requirements of the kidnappers, then the kidnappers may kill the victim. On the other hand, when it comes to false imprisonment, in most cases the victim is not usually subjected to any forms of harm. Criminals use false imprisonment as a means of either subduing or buying time from the authorities, in order to escape from a crime scene (Lippman, 2013). This therefore allows the criminals to be able to plan on how they will be able to execute their plans, particularly when the authorities are around (Fisher & Lab, 2010). In addition, the criminals might also use false imprisonment as a means of gaining very important information from the victim through threatening him or her but not through harming the criminal physically. This therefore shows how kidnapping is very heinous as it may result in the death of the victim in case the family does not comply.

In a scenario where A and the attacker are romantically linked, when A slaps the attacker when he drags her to the alley so that they can talk, then the attacker should not defend himself (McCord, McCord, & Bailey, 2012). This is because, the attacker dragged A without her consent, forcing her to react with a slap. According to A, she did not know the reason as to why she was being dragged into the alley, and this therefore made her to become furious bearing in mind they were in an argument. A was therefore responding to what had happened to her by slapping the attacker (Fisher & Lab, 2010). This was therefore not A’s mistake to slap the attacker, but it was the attackers mistake to drag her knowing very welly that they were in an argument and dragging her could have led to a major problem (Lippman, 2013).

The attacker should not defend himself, simply because he will be committing a crime of hitting A without any reason whatsoever (McCord, McCord, & Bailey, 2012). The attacker should therefore calm down and talk to A about the matter rather than reacting in a manner which could lead him into committing a crime. Thus, A reacted in the right way, since she did not know what the motive of the attacker was while he drag her while they were arguing (Fisher & Lab, 2010).

Reference

Fisher, B., & Lab, S. P. (2010). Encyclopedia of victimology and crime prevention. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications.

McCord, J. W. H., McCord, S. L., & Bailey, C. S. (2012). Criminal law and procedure for the paralegal: A systems approach. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.

Lippman, M. R. (2013). Essential criminal law.

Bibliography

Brienen, Marten W., and Jonathan D. Rosen. Prisons In The Americas In The Twenty-First Century : A Human Dumping Ground. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2015. Discovery eBooks. Web. 8 Dec. 2016.23-27

This book volume relates the prison systems in America’s nations to the ongoing struggle against violence and vices such as drugs. The author examines the systems conditions and a comparative overview of abuse in the prisons

The book provides broad coverage of how the conditions of an ordinary prison really are. It evaluates how the conditions may be leading to the deterioration of criminal behavior among the prisoners. It is important in coverage of the prisons systems and prison environment.

Criminal activities as outlined in the book can be perpetuated by inefficient prison system that fails to offer intended changes. Thus, the intended change in behavior among inmates is not realized.

Burlingame, Jeff. Prisons. New York: Marshall Cavendish International [Asia] Pte Ltd, 2012. Discovery eBooks. 2016.43-4734-35

This eBook explores the history of prison systems in the United States and describe the present conditions in the system. The discussion includes the question of whether punishment of imprisonment is too harsh or whether rehabilitation is attained

This source is vital to in the review of prison system and especially on whether it serves the intended purpose. It s researched literature offers comprehensive understanding of the systems.

A look into this source shows a well organized academic work with adequate coverage of the major topic. It offers great history on the overall prison system.

Christense,Gary, OUR SYSTEM OF CORRECTIONS: Do Jails Play a Role in Improving Offender Outcomes? 1-5.2008. Available at: http://static.nicic.gov/Library/023357.pdf

This article looks into the empirical evidence on how corrections professionals can influence change in pro-social behavior in offenders. It presents jail as integral part of prison correctional systems and how they should incorporate correctional treatment strategies.

This article has a wide coverage on how correctional strategies apply in the prison systems and uses empirical evidence to presents relevant arguments

The information provided shows how the professions in prison systems must combine correctional strategies in influencing the behavior change inmates. The article relates effective communication to effective outcomes.

Coyle, Andrew.A Human Rights Approach to Prison Management: Handbook for Prison Staff International Centre for Prison Studies, London.2002.113- 115

The journal covers tow major values. The first one is about how the use and management of prison is ethical. The second one is about ethical principles which offer a practical basis for prison procedures and practices.

The journal is important for this study since prison systems management touches on ethics and human rights.  It covers widely the subject of human right in the prison systems and management.

A reflective view is outlined on how management of prisons relate to human and ethics. Prison management is presented as being a major public service.

My dream job as a NYC police officer

My dream job involves being a police officer in the New York City Police Department, which consists of providing security for people and their property and the administration of criminal justice. The career of a police officer suits an individual who is well suited to thrive on mountain of challenges facing the community and which involves serving others in that community to overcome the criminal justice challenges.  It is a job whose satisfaction is driven by keeping piece and order. An officer is tasked with reducing crime and promoting confidence among the public that the police department understand and is ready to handle the issues that matter most to them. Policing enables one to partner with various organizations and the public in making a tangible difference to the local community.

I always have a passion for serving the community in order to meet various pressing needs and I consider the police service as providing a good platform where I can explore fulfill this desire.  Law enforcement officer play a very crucial role through their maintenance of safety, order and welfare in the community including the safety of local and federal governments. Furthermore, policing involves filed work and I prefer field work compared to office work .Having been observing the dedication most of these officers have for their work, I reckon that it would be a fulfilling experience for me to exploit my dedication to tasks performance while serving the entire community. Among such officer is a friend of mine, Bridget Flynn, is an officer who passionately performs her duties and her dedication and hard work has seen her take a big step in personal career development. She encourages me to carry on with my dream and I cannot but look up to her for inspiration.

The reason for choosing this line of career is that it provides opportunities for growth and development which occurs through a structure in chain of command. Hence in the law enforcement organization there are great opportunities for promotion and advancement through the ranks, whose structures are the same as those in armed forces. As new positions become available, internal recruitment is done from the officers in the lower rank so as to fill the vacancies. While someone may be recruited from outside the department, in most cases there is always an objective of ensuring the promotional process considers the rank structure and more so the file officers (Wake Forest University, 2016). The larger agencies such as New York Police Department usually avails various promotion opportunities over the whole year which means there are enough chances for a person who is motivated to advance their career. Furthermore, learning does not cease in law enforcement. Since the job involves working in a dynamic and diverse environment, l will automatically be able to learn new techniques and tactics from the experience that I would gain throughout my career. There is also mandatory retraining which is imposed on police officers by training commissions which relate to standards provides trainings on numerous topics which assist in the development of one’s career.  Such trainings may include more languages, physical fitness, defensive tactics which are advanced and so much more skills. Of more importance is that the trainings are availed for individual police officer without having to bear the cost (Wake Forest University, 2016).

The central role for a police officer involves the enforcement of the law. The law enforcement officers are tasked with the responsibility of monitoring criminal activities which relates to the first order of their business which involves service and protection (Greene, 2006). To accomplish this, the officers normally take part in patrolling the community neighborhoods, responding to any emergency calls with immediate effect so as to contain any damage that may b caused by criminal activities. Further roles include make arrest of suspects who have been involved in criminal activities, investigating crimes that have been committed and arraigning the accused before the court of law (Cordner, 2016). The officers also testify in the court cases for crime suspects whom they have arrested. In the investigation of crimes, the officers take statements from the parties involved and any witnesses who provide additional information on the incident. The investigation also involves gathering any evidence that they can access immediately after the incident has happened and seal of the crime scene so as to allow the forensic scientist to carry out further thorough search for evidence (Cordner, 2016). The police officers also respond to calls involving minor incidents like traffic issues and noise complaints. The roles of police officer go beyond law enforcement, and they often take part in community welfare focused activities. These may include responding to crisis affecting the community such as natural disasters or in averting such disasters. The police officers also get involved in community projects and activities such as educating the public on how to avoid being caught up in dangerous situations, how to handle emergencies and the steps they should take in prevention of crime or reacting to a crime that has taken place.  Such education also involves how to relate with people who are considered as dangerous criminals in the society (Greene, 2006).  Such roles are inscribed in the NYPD’s mission that involves improving quality of life in NY City and ensuring that the legal system is upheld.

For one to be hired as a police officer more so in the New York Police Department, one must have a United States citizenship and be of the minimum age of 21 years. In addition, one must b a holder of a high school diploma, and should have attained a minimum of 60 credits in college and at least 2.0 GPA (NYPD, 2016). They should also have a legal driving license for the New York City and should be residing within 5 districts of the city or the neighboring counties. However, a waiver may be granted for the college experience requirement if someone has worked with US Armed Forces for 2 years full time service (NYPD, 2016). Individuals who fail to meet the requirement for college experience or military services may consider joined the department through Cadet Corps program which places the recruits in the different NYPD’s paid support assignments while offering tuition help. Once hired the potential officers join the NYC Police Academy where they are trained through a six months rigorous program (NYPD, 2016). The recruits are required to pass with at least 75 percent score for them to graduate. After graduating, the recruits are paid a starting basic salary of $42,819.00 constantly for the first one and half years. After this period the salary is increased to $44,521.63.  The gross salary ranges from $47,447 to $88,096 for the first five years (NYPD, 2016).

The job of police officer involves the enforcement of law which is encompassed within the criminal justice system. Law enforcement involves maintaining safety and order in public through prevention of violation of laws and through the arresting of those individual involved in the violation and arraigning them in court of law for punishment. In fact, most police officers involved in patrolling and detective activities look forward to becoming senior officers whose roles involve the administration of law enforcement. The police officers are involved in the enforcement of all laws such as traffic laws and dealing with law breakers. In the administration of criminal justice, enforcement of law by the police officer takes a central role (Kappeler, 2012). The criminal justice system clearly depends on the police officers to achieve a common goal of advancing criminal justice given that the officers act as the gatekeepers of the entire system. They are the ones to come into contact with accused offenders and normally the decisions they make determines what will happened such people. They initiate the journey of the suspects through the justice system by responding to criminal activity alarms, arresting them, recording statements, gathering evidence and serving as witnesses against the suspects in a court of law. They ensure that the cases flow without any hitch especially when they are required to serve the prosecutors with evidence for the crime (Kappeler, 2012). That way, they bring about a ripple effect throughout the system.

Reference

Cordner,G.(2016).Police Administration.Routledge. 417-420

Greene, J. (2006).Encyclopedia of Police Science: Vol.2. 586-587

NYPD, (2016). NYPD recruit. Retrieved from: http://www.nypdrecruit.com/

Kappeler, V. (2012).What is the Place of Police within the Criminal Justice System? Retrieved from: http://plsonline.eku.edu/insidelook/what-place-police-within-criminal-justice-system

Future Policing in America

Major functions of the four agencies

One of the agencies is the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms which is also known as the ATF. Its function is to carry out investigations on illegal trade and moving firearms, alcohol and tobacco. It concentrates on the supply and transport of illegal drugs. The other agency is the Federal Bureau of Prisons which is accountable for federal prisons. This means that the prison guards are part of this. The other one is the Office of the Inspector General which is in charge of investigating the employees of DOJ to ensure they avoid fraud, waste and other job crimes. The other one is the Federal Bureau of Investigation which is also known as the FBI. It is in charge of investigating and preventing crimes within the U.S. This is most especially the crimes that occur across the state lines. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has the greatest responsibility as it relates to federal law enforcement. This is because it investigates and prevents crimes within the United States which includes also the state lines.  It also has the greatest responsibility because it performs the primary operational functions of the law department. It carries out investigations of over two hundred categories of law violations. It also identifies and counteracts the actions of foreign powers and their agents (Clark, 1997).

Purposes of the Uniform Crime Reports

It was established in 1929 and one of its purposes is to collect data on various crimes that are reported to law enforcement authorities. These include forcible rape, murder, robbery, burglary and arson among others. Arrest data is reported by law enforcement agencies for twenty one additional crime categories. The other purpose is to compile data from individual crime incidents or monthly law enforcement reports. It also clearly examines all the reports it receives for accuracy to avoid errors. The other purpose is to compare monthly reports to those previously submitted to the agencies or those of similar agencies (Waldron, 1980).

National Crime Information Center (NCIC).

One of the purposes of the NCIC is to present a database computerized for ready access by an agency of criminal justice. It helps the agencies to inquire and get information in the system. The authorized agencies are able to detain fugitives, locate citizens who are missing, giving back property that has been stolen and protection of officers who enforce law while they encounter the criminals (Waldron, 1980).

Weaknesses related to the accuracy of the Uniform Crime Report

One of the weaknesses is that it just covers the crimes that are discovered by the police and that it is not the most detail to be reported. The other weakness is that the data underestimates the number of crimes that are committed and the number of offenders. There are three roles that are under this one and they include figurehead, leader and liaison (Waldron, 1980).

Mintzberg model

One of the major roles of police executives is interpersonal roles which engage the behaviors linked to human interaction. They allow the executives to cooperate with the employees in order to achieve goals in an organization. The other role is interpersonal roles which involves the tasks that a manager must create and share knowledge in order to achieve organizational roles successfully. There are three roles that are under this one and they are monitor, disseminator and spokesperson. The other role is decisional roles and they include roles like entrepreneur, resource allocator, disturbance handler and negotiator. All the roles entail the process of using data to make decisions (Pattavina, 2005). As an entrepreneur, the manager must be responsible bringing change in the organization. They must also look for problems and opportunities in order to initiate projects to deal with them. The role that is most important for a chief executive officer is decisional roles. This is because it will enable them to bring change in the organization. It is the role of the CEOs to look for problems and opportunities as well as initiating projects that will eliminate the problems. It is their role to be in charge when the organization faces a crisis or major change. This role also enables them to decide the people who will hold certain positions in the firm. They also design the organization and schedule their own time according to their priorities (Pattavina, 2005).

Legislative enactments

Freezing of terrorists assets is one of the legislative enactments that are in place to help eliminate terrorism. This means blocking all the property and interests of all the foreign people who pose the risk of committing actions of terrorism that would threaten the security of the United States and its citizens. This property is blocked if it is within or in possession of the United States persons (Jurkanin, 2001). The act also blocks the interests and properties of people who are determined by the treasury to give support to persons nominated under the order.  It also directs the government of the United States to cooperate with other governments to restrain and prevent terrorism. They should also not give financial services to terrorists and share intelligence about their financing. The other enactment is improved coordination at home and the government has ensured this as well as sharing information internally. The tracing center of terrorists identifies terrorists’ organizational financial infrastructure in the whole world. This is in order to limit the ability of terrorists to transfer money through international banking system. These enactments are effective for eliminating terrorism because the terrorists will not have enough money to carry out attacks. The tools used by terrorists are expensive and they require a lot of them which in turn demands for a lot of money. This means that if their accounts are frozen then they will not be able to proceed with their plans. Coordination at home means that it easy to control terrorists as they will know their plans easily and this is effective (Jurkanin, 2001).

Problems related to determining the actual numbers of hate crimes

One of the problems is that victims fear or do not have confidence that law enforcements will deal with the offenders according to the law. Other victims are unwilling to admit their sexual orientation or immigration status to the government. It is not possible to know whether the real number of hate crimes is rising or decreasing. This is because most hate crimes are not reported and they make changes on the statistics. It is also made impossible by some agencies who do not report crimes to the FBI. Hate crimes are different from other crimes because it involves acts of violence that are committed against individuals. This is mainly due to sexual orientation, national origin, gender and race among others (Free, 2003).

References

Clark, S. C. (1997). Seeking results from the department of justice: Hearing before the committee. Place of publication not identified: Diane Pub Co.

Waldron, R. J. (1980). The Criminal justice system: An introduction. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Pattavina, A. (2005). Information technology and the criminal justice system. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Jurkanin, T. J., & Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board. (2001). Enduring, surviving, and thriving as a law enforcement executive. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas.

Free, M. D. (2003). Racial issues in criminal justice: The case of African Americans. Westport, Conn: Praeger.

INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY AGENCIES CHOICES

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the student choices in the intelligence community. The personal skills, abilities and interest play an important role in the career of choice and ought to match with that if the intelligence agency as well as their strengths and challenges. The U.S. Intelligence Community is an extensive, complex, systematically structured and activated pursuant that consist of massive law, policies directives and executive orders. Essentially intelligence compels the daily activities within the intelligence agency. The role of the intelligent community is to provide in timely, significant and appropriate information that can be used by the U.S. decision makers, policymaker, and war fighters. In order to accomplish this mission of intelligence information, the task involves collecting, dispensation, analyzing and propagating the information.

Central Intelligence Agency

CIA is an agency that is engaged in the collection of information across the fields of science, technology and operations. A career choice in this agency requires not only the education but personal skills, abilities and interest play an important role. This is because most of it work is practical and not theoretical. Minimum academic requirement involves different degrees and masters such as in political science, national security, computer science and international studies and other closely related subjects. In order to be a competitive candidate as an analyst in CIA relevant experience is important as well as other personal traits (Vallabhaneni, 2013).

The agency requires a student who has a strong verbal presentation in order to enhance effective communication and passing of the information in the right context. Writing skills play a significant role in the writing of a clear and a concise text that will pass the right information and communicate effectively to the parties involved (Vallabhaneni, 2013). The student matches the abilities and the skills in this agency in that the student possesses excellent analytical skills, well developed interpersonal skills and problem to solve techniques. The CIA requires these abilities due to the nature of the job as the processing of the intelligence information are crucial (Vallabhaneni, 2013).

As a counter-terrorism analyst, foreign language proficiency is important. This matches the requirement by the organization from the student. An excellent briefing skill enhances the ability to convey complex information in a clear concise manner as expected (Vallabhaneni, 2013). The ability to be conversant with technology is important. The student skills match with the agency in that it operation are computerized. A significant portion of work is employed to the complex databases that the student is well equipped with. The efficiency plays an important role that ensures that work is met on the right time under strict deadlines.

Strengths of CIA

The strength of the organization lies in the secret license to acquire, seduce and wipe out the potential and the real foes in America. The organization also owns barrels of weapons and large funds allocation that helps the organization in its secretive operation as it is able to pay well the people involved in its analyst work. Its strength also arises due to the fact that it absorption process to employment requires a minimum of certain abilities and skills to be possessed by the job seekers. The job candidates are first to required to complete a pre-employment process such as psychological, medical and polygraph examination and extensive background checks that ensure that the agency only picks the best candidates. This also ensures that candidates with talent are best selected further enhancing the strength of the agency (George, Bruce, & Georgetown University, 2008).

Challenges of CIA

For a long time, the agency remains ill-suited for desiring, promoting and installing leaders who can be trusted. Some of the CIA agents have been accused of being rogued leaking out the very confidential information helping the terrorists escape raids. Inside jobs have also been witnessed compromising the integrity of the agency which makes the citizens lose hope in the institution (George, Bruce, & Georgetown University, 2008). Transnational issues have also weakened the agency due to many different trends in the global character. Many of the international terrorist’s attacks are conceptualized planned and launched in different countries making the intelligence of the CIA service ineffective in detecting them, deterring and preventing the attacks (George, Bruce, & Georgetown University, 2008).

National Security Agency

NSA has the mandate of establishing and operating a integrated organization for conveying signals of intelligence actions and performing out the gathering, dispensation, examination and coverage of the intelligence signals. This is done for the national foreign intelligence need which is in accordance with from the DCI. As an area of career choice for a student personal skill, abilities and interests play an important path as a candidate in this agency (Swenson, 2012). However professional education is also needed which includes computer science as a major degree course, political science, national security among other closely related subjects. The agency is more technologically advanced as the collection of the intelligence information is electronically collected. Despite that personal abilities and skills are needed in order to process the data into more meaningful information that can be used to prevent the occurrence of terrorist attacks facing America (Swenson, 2012).

The agency requires a student who has vast knowledge in computer science and is up to date with how to operate the technological devices used by the agency. This vast knowledge facilitates the simulation of intelligence information which is used to prevent the attacks. The job requires a multitude of skills to be possessed by the students in order to become a competitive candidate in the agency. Better analytical skills assist the student to be able to decode the information obtained from the computers. The information used by the terrorist hackers is mostly coded information which a data analyst should be able to identify and process it (Swenson, 2012). Communication skills for the students match that of the organization in that the information obtained is in most cases sensitive and should be handled with care and communicated in the right way and channels in order to increase efficiency. The interpersonal communication skill of the students matches that of the organization due to the complex databases used by the agency in order to avoid hacking of the NSA website. The encrypted data requires real-time interface and telecommunication in order to ensure that the communication channels are not also compromised (Swenson, 2012).  The agency is efficient in its operation which requires the student to be efficient as well in that the delay of any information can cause massive damage to the state. As a counterterrorism analyst, mathematics plays an equally important role. This is because probability and mathematics theory requires skills and knowledge of a student that matches that of the organization in order to analyze and simplify the complex logarithms that contribute directly to national defense (Swenson, 2012).

Strength of NSA

One of the major strength of NSA is the ability to collect data and more data, essentially obtaining data whether encrypted or not so long as it is through the internet. It has been able to obtained information from the terrorist’s servers that are remotely connected due to the vast technological devices put in place and the skills and the abilities of the employees that play a significant part. Its strength has been contributed by the fact that it has been able to save more data that is filled in the servers at its headquarters eliminating communication and internet communication (Rogers & Syngress Media, Inc, 2004). The agency has massive network chart that facilitates its ability to gather information. The talents, skills, abilities and interest of its staff members have continued to make it stronger as they have a clear understanding of how to obtain the information and its sensitivity when it comes to national defense. Large storage capacity has helped the agency to store more information which is used frequently identifying the threats thus limiting their occurrence (Rogers & Syngress Media, Inc, 2004).

Challenges of NSA

Despite the tremendous strengths of NSA, there are challenges that hinder the agency from being more effective. The funding issue of the budget is a major challenge for the agency. This is because it hinders the agency from effectively performing its duties thus limiting their operations. Attacks by former employees who have extensive knowledge of the complex databases are a threat. Some of the employees join the terrorist groups thus jeopardizing the efforts of the agency (Rogers & Cunningham, 2005). Inside job is also a challenge to the agency as it is mostly difficult to identify who it is. Cyber-spying has been on the rise making the detection of the mostly the encrypted data more difficult. The scandal facing the agency such as the phone tapping in Europe is damaging especially to the court of public opinion. This limits data sharing and more willing co-conspirators which have further led to more regulation of the agency leading to inefficiency (Rogers & Cunningham, 2005).

Defense Intelligence Agency

DIA is essential for the well-being of the state. The agency is charged with the responsibility of providing intelligence support in America to the secretary of defense. DIA is significantly involved into analytical support to the national military. It also has the responsibility of ensuring that the analysis of the intelligence performed by other departments does not duplicate that of the CIA and the DoD (Congress, 2009). As an information analyst in DIA which a student may venture into integrity is a core principle. The core values together with objectivity and dedication play a major part in this field. Intellectual honesty, courage and adherence to the ethical codes is a must have other than the academic qualification that which are equally important. This is because the soul and a unique responsibility for the agency are to seek and tell the truth as they see it. For DIA without integrity, there is no credibility which without credibility the analytical judgment carried out by the analysts is ignored resulting to no useful purpose for the organization Congress, 2009).

In order to maintain the integrity of the agency that will facilitate the provision of accurate and real-time finished intelligence to its customers and the state personal skills and abilities play a vital path. Excellent analytical skills and well developed interpersonal skills of an individual match that of the agency in that the agency is only supposed to report on facts that can confirm the data available into making the right judgment when drawing conclusions and most importantly the ability to resist all external and internal pressure in the analytical judgment Congress, 2009). Absence of integrity is exceedingly harmful to the associations of the organization. When an individual is effective the internal process of the agency is more productive which is essential for a healthy agency and the individual professional careers. Excellent communication skills match that of the organization in that it facilitates in conveying the right message with can be used by the military and other agency to prevent terrorism attacks Congress, 2009).

Strengths of DIA

The DIA has been able to gather intelligence from countless sources over the years most identified by the successful raid of Osama bin Laden. The agency has also been able to diversify its self with the rapid changes in the nature of threats that are faced by the state. Its strength can also be attributed to the fact that it has been able to maintain high levels of integrity amongst its personnel that has enhanced objectivities and honesty (Theoharis, 2006). Its strength is also attributed to the fact that the agency has worn many clients and the state which makes them give out information they think will be helpful to the agency. In the 20th century, the information obtained by the agency during the two world wars has enabled the military of the United States and it aliens to prevail thus making the agency more powerful and credible. The agency is able to obtain unique defense intelligence that gives it an advantage in decision-making as a result of the strategic position of its men and women globally (Theoharis, 2006).

Challenges of DIA

The national defense agency is faced with the challenge of effective military operations. This is brought about by the accessibility of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups. It also faces the inability to collect good and sufficient information about WMD in countries such as Iraq. Moreover, the DIA is facing regional threats, especially in the Middle East (D’Agostino &Wilshusen, 2011). The civil wars in the countries are dangerous and mostly unpredictable in the modern history. The agency has also faced opposition from other countries that are joining up to challenge U.S as a super power which includes Russia, Moscow, North Korea and China as well as South Asia. The volatility of the Africa political system, criminal groups conflicts and transnational terrorist has continued to challenge the DIA. Latin America has continued to threat regional prosperity and stability further challenging the operations of the DIA (D’Agostino &Wilshusen, 2011). Global threats such as malicious cyber attacks, transnational terrorism, and foreign intelligence threat have greatly challenged the DIA.

Department of Homeland Security

DHS is an intelligence agency that has a vital mission of securing the nation from the many threats they face internally and within the borders. A career option in DHS can be that of a special agent (Goldstein, 2016). The special agent has the responsibility of analyzing a different number of laws in defending the U.S. this may vary from immigration, weapons, breach of law and money laundering exercises. Educational programs are important in becoming a member of the agency. However, personal skills and abilities are essential to a special agent as they facilitate the understanding of the information and process it to be more meaningful in order to protect the state (Goldstein, 2016). The ability to speak other foreign language places a critical role. Analytical skills of the information hence in understanding the potential kind of the state are facing. This then requires good communication technique to convey the message to the right authority. Honesty, objectivity, and integrity play an equally important role as it ensures that the sensitive information is well handled (Axelrod-Contrada, 2003).

The student’s skills such as integrity and honesty match that of the department as a result of the mission to serve with honor and integrity in order to safeguard the American citizens as well as their values. The moral adherence of the students corresponds to that of the agency as it is a requirement in DHS (Axelrod-Contrada, 2003). Communication skills and efficiency in a foreign language of the students is significant to the organization as it enables it to a greater capacity force even where the official language is different.

Strengths of DHS

The agency has strong collaboration in the justice system and the networks of service providers. Due to the number of secret and special agents in the agency it has been able to obtain relevant information that has prevented attacks (Simmons & Lehmann, 2013). It also has an extensive network of its personnel that has enabled the agency to cover a significant area in America with increased patrols on communities that consist of gangs. The agency strength is the ability to develop strategically and operational plans, ability to establish new as well as expanding the existing offices and programs that aid in their effective operations (Simmons & Lehmann, 2013).

Challenges of DHS

The Department faces challenges in effective partnership as well as sharing and utilizing information which has led to inefficiency to some of its mission. DHS has for some time been unable to effectively execute and integrate the management functions (United States, 2005). As a result of the challenges, there has been a cost increase, delays and performance problems. Despite the interpersonal skills possessed by its personnel the agency still faces the challenge of enough skilled personnel in management thus straining the agency. Implementation of statutory programs has continued to challenge DHS impacting on its approaches and investments. This has rendered the agency the inability to meet the strategic need in a more efficient manner (United States, 2005).

Conclusion

The intelligence community consists of a wide range of agencies that is paramount in protecting the state, especially on terrorist’s threats. The agencies are similar to one another especially in the academic qualification and personal skills and abilities. Excellent interpersonal and analytical skills are significant for a career choice in the intelligence community. Communication skills are essential in conveying the right information in the right context. Gathering of information and obtaining the relevance of the information is equality important. The intelligence community also requires the adherence to moral codes, objectivity, honesty and integrity due to the sensitivity of the information. It has been identified that the intelligence community has offered a wide range of excellent programs to the students in the career path of intelligence. Despite the personal skills, abilities and interest there are programs that apply to all. These include computer science, political science, computer engineering, security studies, and telecommunication among others. Therefore it is true to say that intelligence communication is a wide area of career path to students who have better and developed skills, abilities as well as having an interest in it.

Reference

Axelrod-Contrada, J. (2003). Career opportunities in politics, government, and activism. New York: Ferguson.

Congress, . (2009). Congressional record (bound volumes): Volume 150, part 19: U S Govt. Printing Office.

D’Agostino, D. &Wilshusen, G. (2011). Defense Department Cyber Efforts: DoD Faces Challenges in its Cyber Activities. Diane Publishing

George, R. Z., Bruce, J. B., & Georgetown University. (2008). Analyzing intelligence: Origins, obstacles, and innovations. Washington D.C: Georgetown University.

Goldstein, I. (2016). The federal management playbook: Leading and succeeding in the public sector.

Rogers, R., & Cunningham, B. (2005). Network security evaluation using the NSA IEM. Rockland, MA: Syngress.

Rogers, R., & Syngress Media, Inc. (2004). Security assessment: Case studies for implementing the NSA IAM. Rockland, Mass: Syngress.

Simmons, C. A., & Lehmann, P. (2013). Tools for strengths-based assessment and evaluation.

Swenson, R. G. (2012). Bringing intelligence about: Practitioners reflect on best practices.: Lulu Com.

Theoharis, A. G. (2006). The Central Intelligence Agency: Security under scrutiny. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.

United States. (2005). Management challenges facing the Department of Homeland Security: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Management, Integration, and Oversight of the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, April 20, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.

Vallabhaneni, S. R. (2013). Wiley CIA exam review focus notes 2013: Part 3. New York: Wiley.

Econ- Crime

Identification of the Issue

High crime rate, as well as incarceration, imposes a huge amount of cost on the general society.  This is mainly accompanied by long-lasting impacts on families, communities as well as individuals.  An investigation of the issue of crime is an important exercise which interests me because it has been in existence for decades and there are no solutions that have been established yet (Deflem, 2011).  From the analysis of crime, I hope that I will gain a better understanding of the issue  with accurate statistics of the number of the person that  have been affected by the issue up to now.  I hope that my analysis will help others in understanding the issue as both an economic and a societal issue in general. The issue of crime in general impacts the economy negatively because it places a financial burden on those that pays taxes as well as the government while trying to implement measures to curb the issue.  This, therefore, leads to the existence of life that is characterized by reduced quality on the affected persons as well as the economy in general (Deflem, 2011).

Despite the fact that the rate of crime in the United States has been falling slowly the issue is still in existence and it is a huge economic and social difficulty in the world today.  In addition, there is a growing debate that the incarceration rate in the United States is very high currently. There are more than 700 persons who are incarcerated every year out of a hundred thousand individuals.   The social effects of   crime in general exceed the general social benefits in the context of both the economy and the society generally (Eide, Rubin, & Shepherd, 2006).

Crime is the primary focus of the policy developers currently especially in both the national and state level.  This is based on the fact that it causes huge financial   costs on the society which is an inclusion of tangible victimization costs which includes low earning and increased medical costs (Eide, Rubin, & Shepherd, 2006).  Incarceration, as well as crime, is highly associated with impacting the level of generating income negatively which raises the issue of inequality.  Crime in a real sense affects economic and social growth as it affects the ability of individuals to be fully productive. Based on most studies the occurrence of crime is influenced by many factors such as unemployment, income, education, gender as well as demographics (Eide, Rubin, & Shepherd, 2006).

Theorization of the Issue

As pointed before crime issue develops an empirically of determining the economic general variables that are fully responsible for determination of criminal conduct.  Based on Becker’s theory of crime  individuals commits  a criminal act if the perceived benefits from the act are more than  those that would be achieved while utilizing energy and resources in the legal nature,  the   economic and social variables in regard to the issue of crime  are basically the costs of incarceration, punishment, size and police (Dubber, 2014). In general, this is the general aspects that individuals naturally considers when they are about to commit a particular set of crime.  The association that exists between the determinant variable and the rate of crime that is in occurrence is mainly constituted by the general supply of offenses in the descriptive theory of Becker. Based  on the theory the general supply of  offenses is directly relevant  to the particular number of crimes that an individual commit  to the general  probability  of being convicted, the associated punishment if  there is an occurrence of conviction  and the  variables involved which generally  involved either illegal or permitted  income chances.  Crime propensity is highly influenced by the general rate of the distribution of income. The assumptions are based on the fact that individuals are bound to either take part in legal or illegal conducts. The results of the operations are times functions increase (Dubber, 2014).

Illegal conduct can be regarded as more safe in regard to their net worth which is weighed on the general probability of being caught and punished.  Most individuals are involved in crimes in order to assess the likelihood of being punished if they are caught in most cases.  Economic impact is directly likely to hold effect on the occurrence of crime based on the rate of unemployment as well as distribution inequality of income (Dubber, 2014). The explanations for this are that as individuals rate of unemployment develops they are engaged in the search for fresh opportunities.  In the long-term, if the individuals fail to secure employment the likelihood of becoming criminals is developed.  However, there are some studies that have established the existence of negative relations between crime and the occurrence of crime.  Income variable is the additional factor that affects crime.

  Income factor can be measured as per capital and through supplementary measuring of income inequality. This means that when individuals are exposed to less income their probability of participating in crime is heightened. In addition, when the income rate is developed this means that there are more goods which can be stolen.  This, therefore, implies that the potential of the offenses is heightened while all the aspects in the scenarios remain to be the same (Dubber, 2014).  Demography is the factor that may affect and influence the occurrence of crime.  When the number of young individuals and especially the male gender is high is high this means that the probability of crime occurrence is high as individuals continuous tries to explore things. Population density is directly expected to affect the occurrence of crime.

Relevant Mathematical /Regression Model

In reference to the theorization presented above the relevant regression model is as follows

X it, I = 1, N t =1, T

In this context I can be regarded as the persona dimension and t is a depiction of the aspect of time.  The whole regression model can thus be stated as

yit equals a+ b Xit + Uit

This, therefore, results in the development of two distinct models from the analysis of the theory that relates to crime occurrence and influences as follows

yit equals a+ b Xit + Uit

Uit= Ui + Vit

Linear Regression Assumptions

The supply of offences that is represented by QP is directly related to the rate of crimes that are performed by an individual as well as the general conviction depicted by D potentiality as well as the conviction as (G) of punishment and the variable (u) which includes illegal as well as legal generation of income chances. This is represented by

Qp = Qp ( Dj, Gj, Uj)

Fij= Fij (Hij, Gij, Uij, Kij, Yij)

This is a representation of the number of offense that an individual commits, the risks involved in the activities as well as additional factors that affect the occurrence of crime.

            References

Deflem, M. (2011). Economic crisis and crime. Bingley, U.K: Emerald.

Dubber, M. D. (2014). The Oxford handbook of criminal law. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Eide, E., Rubin, P. H., & Shepherd, J. M. (2006). Economics of crime. Boston: Now Publishers.

EFFECTS OF POLICE BRUTALITY

Q1

Judson Jefferies believes that police brutality is a major health issue. To begin with, the tragic shooting of Demetrius DuBose the former Tampa Bay Buccaneer is very impactful. In the 1960s more than 50% of the blacks were killed by the police despite the fact that the total population of the blacks was 10% (Jeffries, 1999). Police harassment against African-American has been witnessed over a period of time and it has continued to be a problem in America. The situation is referred to by Jeffries as an epidemic shows the sensitivity of the issue as many lives have been lost and many African American lives in fear (Jeffries, 1999).

 In most cases, citizens rely on the police for protection. However, the racist’s policemen have taken up the opportunity to unfairly kill the black citizens through unjust excuses. It is a worrying trend that the police unjustly kill the innocent civilians who have not committed any crime or wrong. It has become a common occurrence for the police to use excessive force, especially on the black males (Jeffries, 1999). It may be considered that the use of the word epidemic is in the extreme but it outlines the concern of police brutality that has been on the rise.

Q2

            Jefferies examines police brutality in urban areas and finds out that there has been a systematic pattern of response from the police where the blacks are the murder victims. For example, two police officers in San Diego fired shots to a young man as they were investigating a burglary where they claimed that they never had an option and they had to shoot as they feared for their lives (Jeffries, 1999). Ironically two police officers in Los Angeles gave the same justification in killing a woman through a response to the unpaid utility bill (Jeffries, 1999). The police officers also claimed that the woman has a knife in her hand and it was a defense move.

Jefferies has also identified that all the cases reported mostly involving the blacks were characterized by intimidation and harassment during an investigation and they were arrest on numerous accounts without having a substantial amount of evidence (Jeffries, 1999). The pattern of the blacks killing was mostly in the dispersed group of the blacks than other minority groups. The experiences of Louima, Rodney King, and Sinclair are similar in the hands of police. DuBose, Russ, Gammage and Folkes deaths were similar as they underwent torture and pain and were shot numerous times before they died (Jeffries, 1999).

Q3

According to Jeffries, the growing occurrences of the police murders serve the purpose of injustice to the black people. For many years the execution of DuBose is a loud resumption version of defense and justice (Jeffries, 1999). The occurrences signify a worrying trend of the blacks who are incorporated in the economic, social and political lives in America face a more hostile attitude towards them by the law enforcers. The growing occurrence also shows that the roots of racism go deeper as it stresses out the long-standing issue of the black community that can be traced back to the arrival of the blacks in the new world. The police officers are unapologetic despite being the ones on the wrong which was proved by the case of the USC students (Jeffries, 1999). Police brutality has been one sided especially towards the men of color.

Reference

Jeffries, J.L (1999). Police Brutality As A Major Public Health Issue: The Tragic Shooting Of Former Tampa Bay Buccaneer Demetrius DuBose