Should the United States put more restrictions on gun ownership and use?

The issue of gun ownership and restriction has a way of igniting heated debate and the worst side of debaters. This is because the argument for and against the restriction is based either based on hard facts or ignorance.  However many people are usually on the better position of ignorance which means they do not have excuse to support or oppose  gun restriction and ownership.  The discussion should focus on several important issues including whether more guns will prevent gun-related deaths and whether gun laws will prevent such deaths.

Liberty gains meaning if only a person is allowed to willingly harm themselves and hence, as long as one is not harming other people, he or she should be allowed to do as they wish.  The bigger point is that by not restricting gun use and ownership, person autonomy is respected by the society if they do not use it to harm others. An argument for pro-gun rights holds that despite United States having the highest rate of homicide related to guns among the developed countries, it is quite difficult specifically measure how many mass shootings would have occurred if fewer citizens had guns (Carter, 147). In other words, how many mass shootings could have been prevented if the country had more armed citizens? A good case is Chicago Uber driver who had the license to own and carry a gun and who shot a person who was shooting on a crowd.

 A calculation done in a past research tended to indicate that the states with the fewer laws restricting gun ownership and use reported the lowest deaths related to gun shooting: per 100,000 people (Nasro, 24). Such information supports the view that having more people owning guns would force everyone to control their uncouth behavior and thus renounce any action that may threaten others. Moreover, research by National Association of School Resource officers supports the training of school officers on the premise that armed guards at schools have assisted in reducing school violence, (Nasro, 24). Therefore, any gunman will avoid firing at others since they have the knowledge that they can be countered by their victims. The proponents for gun rights look at the deterrent effect of owning and using a gun as the major reason why restrictions should not be embraced.

On the other hand, the advocates for restrictions on gun use and ownership holds that gun control allow the government to exercise the full power bestowed on it. Lack of gun control encourages the culture of individualism while thwarting efforts to have a coherent society or community since everyone is trained to carry and use a gun.   Not restricting gun use and ownership would go against the vast majority – 90 % - of Americans who wish to have more background checks on use of guns (Carter, 147). In addition, it would require everyone to have a gun and be trained on how to use which is a very huge undertaking. Even so, there is no assurance that accidental gun firing will not occur or firing in the time of passion. The case of extreme individualism is cited as suiting power.

In conclusion, a solution would be found only if good people are allowed to own and use guns while restricting the social paths. However in a real world, determining who is good is difficult since human are known to change under different circumstances.

Works cited

Carter, Gregg L. Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2012. 147

Nasro.National Association of School Resource officers and prevention of violence in schools.2012 .24-26

The Connection: Juveniles, Gangs, and Drugs

Youth gangs, Drugs and violent crimes are related in the sense that they work hand in hand. In other words, the three are linked and they therefore influenced in the same way (James & Scott, 1999). When someone abuses drugs, the pharmacological effect of the drug tends to alter the functioning of his or her mind, consequently resulting into violence. Secondly, the high cost of drugs tends to inflict the users into committing crime, thus being able to afford the drugs. Thirdly, violence is a common thing among drug barons, since they must use violence in order to win new territories and grow their market share.  

Youths who tend to abuse drugs, therefore easily fall into youth gangs, in order to be able to earn money, hence being able to buy more drugs (James & Scott, 1999). On the other hand, drug barons tend to form drug empires, whereby they use violence in order to be able to take over new markets in other empires. Violence, drugs and gangs are therefore and they cannot be easily separate.

In order for such atrocities to be dealt with accordingly, the juvenile court should come up with very strict laws, which will be responsible for discouraging the youths from joining such gangs. In addition, the police should also launch a crackdown against drug empires, and make sure that they are done away with (James & Scott, 1999). Juvenile courts should not only impose harsh jail terms on gang members, but it should also look for proper ways through which youths can be corrected while in prison, and allowed to change their behavior. The police should work closely with the public, in order to get a lot of information concerning drug empires, hence reducing drug abuse which is the mother of all crimes.

Reference

James C. Howell & Scott H. Decker. (1999). The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection: juvenile Justice Bulletin.

The major policy issues regarding the incarceration of women

Section I

Introduction

Ignorance of the health care policy issues based on women in jails and prisons in America’s history has endured.  Neither the wellbeing predicaments nor the superiority level of the medicinal handling given to imprisoned females seems important; as a result, they have gained slight investigation attention. This need of concentration has been increased by information that illustrate there are less females than males in prisons and then fewer vigor income are billed to women.

Section II

American has a high-level rate of incarceration globally, with females having the maximum upsurge in statistics in the current years.  The increased figure of women jailed since the 1980’s connects with medicine offense and possessions fault.  The adjustments in the femininity role for women are similar to the men positions, mainly in the workplaces, has been a new cause that makes more women imprisoned.  This shows that women obligate offenses that men commit. This review shows an impression of the wellbeing matters of the American women in detention and reformatory and lack of reactions of the quality implements to the health requirements of imprisoned women.  Moderately having an imaginary approach, the purpose of the policy issue provides a summary of the health and substance abuse problems and pregnancy and births whereas imprisoned.  It also gives proposals that can advance the existence of incarcerated females globally (Bosworth, 2005).

In the 19^th centuries, there was a time of obligatory verdict in prison for medicine crimes in America and imprisonment of many people of both genders with drug crimes. The sentencing report in 2012 showed that between 1980 and 2010, the number of women imprisoned has increased by a rate of 646%. The increase of the incarcerated women increases the attendance to the physical condition requirements of females in jails and prisons.  The enhancement of women imprisonment has not fronted to the rise of services. Imprisoned females are from the lowest socioeconomic groups in the society.  The jails and prison inmates are poor women and men of color and this even goes to the incarcerated population internationally. Incarcerated women are unimportant and hidden from the society while incarcerated men receive a specialized care (Bosworth, 2005).

                Health matters and need of quality medicinal and dental concern in jail have an outstanding problem for women in detention center.  The eminence and entree of the medical care to them is poor.  The prison domain is not suitable for quality health care as food lacks nutrition and lack of enough physical activities that cause harmful health effects (Bosworth, 2005). 

Health status for Incarcerated women

                Women incarcerated in jails and national prisons face huge wellbeing troubles.  In a number of many imprisoned women, the early strength review showed that a huge percent of these women have a similar bodily symptom.  The most general problems were dental, menstrual phase troubles, unceasing pains and depression.  Fifty-four percent of these women were under medication when they entered prison. Many imprisoned women do not experience physical condition services aforementioned to imprisonment. This features to their small socioeconomic condition and tribulations such as drug misuse, lack of proper diet and lack of good physical condition. Deficiency of proper medicinal care according to the imprisonment rules can cause more critical health problems such as unceasing diseases (Bosworth, 2005). 

                   In the American history, many of the women inmates with critical chronic diseases did not obtain care whereas incarcerated.  The bodily problems of women create the stipulation of medical services difficult for females than that of males that creates a supplementary dispute to medicinal services in prisons. The analysis and management of the physical situation needs precise checkup tools that may not be accessible in these services (Bosworth, 2005).

                   While the main concern is on the medicinal tribulations and pressure of imprisonment on females, on other women, imprisonment can give a smash from a harsh day-by-day life. This means that for a few women, imprisonment brings relief from unceasing poverty, aggression and oppression. Poor wellbeing and psychological services should be a special distress to elder women in helping them cope with fatal illnesses in prisons. Safety issues for the elderly are dominant where there is aggression grounded by younger prisoners (Bosworth, 2005).

                   As a result, lack of enough health care and overcrowding in prisons are the main reasons that creates grievances against prisons.  Earlier, females in a prison in New York conveyed cases due to lack of contact to medicinal concern.  Later, the incarcerated women alleged that their constitutional rights violates by the lack of enough medical care at the prisons (Bosworth, 2005).

Mental strength and drug misuse issues

                Detentions and jails are demanding situations for prisoners and the staff.  There are upper points of expressive misery in imprisoned women than those not in prisons or jails.  These stressful issues traces to the child abuse account, discrimination, and the immediate situation that women face. Several women take their mental health problems into prisons while other women expand psychological problems as an effect of their incarceration (Pettit, 2012). 

                In prisons, stress connects with depression, anxiety and physical problems.  Stress connects with having less contact with the inmates’ children.  The research done in the U.K prisons found that shock of incarceration influences the mental health of women together with the family separation matters and women having mental illness due to drug leaving. There are serious levels of psychological harms in the imprisoned women.  These problems include trauma that links with the bodily and sexual abuse, dejection and material abuse among the incarcerated women (Pettit, 2012).

                   As described, the mental health and addiction predicaments of the incarcerated connect with the child abuse and discrimination.  Women who face serious mental illnesses are victims of persecution that forecasts their psychological issues during incarceration. The anxiety connected with an account of suffering gives a medicinal problem that worsens during imprisonment. Exploration to the psychology shows that females who feels that their psychology status was bad before their imprisonment, described the huge problems.  There was the possibility that intellectual fitness harms that subsisted before confinement can get inferior without sufficient management (Pettit, 2012).

                   Substance use is a major trouble for females in detention and jails in America.  Abuse and discrimination approves the physical condition harms that require review and treatment.  Crash to review the psychological problem and drug misuse of imprisoned women ensures the problems persist after discharge such as homelessness, unemployment and the loss of children care.  Another major rationale to take care of the wellbeing issues is that they can be the strong factors of if women can go back to prisons. Psychological services in prisons can be slanting around the approved prescription with deficient of chances for persons or group treatment.  With less mind possessions, females can undergo competence with others for these services (Greifinger, Bick & Goldenson, 2007).

Interest to gaining intellectual health requirements can effect to less pressure for the female prisoners.  As a result, this reduces the anxiety level and contributes to less demanding jail conditions.  Agendas made to deal with the psychological health issues in imprisoned women must address the parenting issues mainly on whether the connection should continue to maintain the relationship.  Mental health policy issues need to give complex serviced based on women’s needs with an understanding of their backgrounds and lives (Greifinger, Bick & Goldenson, 2007). 

Pregnancy and jail Births

                 Jail pregnancy and delivery makes confronts for women and for the health facilities mainly on the parental care and arrangements for the child’s birth.  Presently this difficult situation can be frightening to women who can deliver their babies far from domicile with no hold up of the relatives. Physical condition care for pregnant women is of minor excellence than that accessible to females in the society.  Not many females in the American jails have the chances to have their children stay with them throughout their early birth months.  Women who do not stay with their babies after birth have said that this contributes to psychological fitness problems.  From this approach of children’s wellbeing, being dispossessed of a protector can cause the damaged bodily and disturbing growth (Tynan & Bogenschneider, 2015).      

Prison visits

Family connections change due to a woman incarceration.  There is no policy designed to help women stay connected with relatives.  Females may not be aware of where their children are or with those, they are staying.  Confronts for sustaining the relations with families include need of haulage to organizations that at extended space and lack of cash to pay for the transport.  Contact with family members can help change the incarceration situation and aid women to bear their stay in their imprisonment.  There are numerous chances for organizations to change prison-vacation strategies to hold well again the requirements of women and their relatives.  In addition, family associations can assist women practice a better evolution from imprisonment and to the society and lessen recidivism. Thus, the many visits that these women are given offers a sensible loom for imprisoned women in sustaining their family relationships (Tynan & Bogenschneider, 2015). 

Detention and jail medicinal services

                  There is no reason for the developed organizations to give eminence concern to prisoners.  The reality that these wellbeing care clients incarcerate gives the motivation to restrict services and health care costs. The private companies’ gives correctional health care services in America and profit-making organizations making many states use the private companies for this. Review shows that personal actions of vigor care services for inmates improves than the care given by the civic organizations and can be inferior (Greifinger, Bick & Goldenson, 2007).

              Insufficient and unessential concern can be because of the opinionated precedence, need of funds and lack of competence of the medical professionals.  The functioning situations for health experts are demanding for the hospital within unlikable and greatly proscribed surroundings.  There is the dishonor that the health experts take on helping the low conditioned patients. The lack of enough staff can result into interruptions in gaining health care within a rational time that is a challenge to the prisoners and the nurses. Institutional policies show that treatment services to the inmates are given but they may not receive them (Greifinger, Bick & Goldenson, 2007). 

Section III

Conclusion

                Many complete services needs to upsurge the access to quality care services given to females in prison and jails in America.  America has a lot to discover from other nations based on the quality management and detention matters for imprisoned females and also, other nations has a lot to learn from America. Public health policies and principles that improve the large physical condition in the public must comprise the developments in jail physical condition services. This needs a tough combined fitness system of capable experts to give excellence health care.  Enhanced fitness care gives distress ability reduction to incarcerated women and benefits the women after them released to the society or not.  For many women unconfined, eminence healthiness care gives the likelihood to decrease and improve their relation connections.  

References

Bosworth, M. (2005). Encyclopedia of prisons & correctional facilities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Greifinger, R. B., Bick, J. A., & Goldenson, J. (2007). Public health behind bars: From prisons to communities. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Springer.

In Poehlmann-Tynan, J., & Bogenschneider, K. (2015). Children's contact with incarcerated parents: Implications for policy and intervention.

Pettit, B. (2012). Invisible men: Mass incarceration and the myth of black progress. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Drugs and the Criminal Justice System

The role played by the Brazil’s Criminal Justice System in Brazil touches on trafficking and abuse of drugs and the various crimes that relate to this menace.  The system which includes the court system and the police is guided by the New Drug Law which was promulgated in 2006 which provided important changes to the past legislations on drugs.  This system is an important party considering the drug menace in Brazil, which has been reported to consume almost 18 percent of the drugs, trafficked in the world. The situation is not helped by the fact that Brazil is surrounded by countries with largest production of cocaine and has vast, remote borders that are largely unguarded (Miraglia, 2015).

The drug policy and the criminal justice system

Individuals convicted of drug trafficking form the second largest source of prisoners in the system and there have been a relative increase of representation of people convicted in the country’s penal system. This kind of trend shows that more repression of the drug law has resulted to more prisoners, and it is expected to increase according to various statistics conducted. In addition, the court systems have also used the international drug conventions ratified by the country in order to elaborate the national policy or legislation in drug control field. The change in the local law de-penalized the possession of drugs if they are intended for personal use, which means that the courts do not give imprisonment punishment. Rather the court subjects the offender to other sanctions and where the need arises; they can be referred to treatment programs (de Oliveira, 2015). The common interpretation of the law in the past, which included even the Supreme Court, seemed to refute the possibility of other alternative punishment penalties for drug traffickers even where there was absence of explicit rule against the crimes.  The law provides no objective criteria that can be used in differentiating between a dealer and a user, which leaves the identification of an individual to be done depending on circumstances surrounding the crime. The police officers report such circumstances and other players in judicial system including lawyers, defenders, prosecutors and judges ratify them.

The decision made by the judge on hearing the drug related cases rarely depend on factors that could be considered profiling such as race, gender or age.   Such decisions do not also depend on previous criminal records or convictions according to research carried out in the past which shows that the law of drug is normally the basis.  The kind of drugs in the possession of the prisoner influences the decision by judges, although the most significant influence on comes from agreement of the prosecutor on request. Such actions taken by the judicial system have led to more arrest of small drug offenders with available evidence suggesting that there was little effect on reducing the demand or supply of drug in Brazil (de Oliveira, 2015). An important aspect in the drug trafficking and abuse is the role played by criminal justice system in dealing with the menace among young youths. According to statistics, the youngest people in the population of offenders include those that were imprisoned at the highest rate due to drug trafficking.  The reviewing of case to case has led to more arrest and even imposition of unequal sentences especially for the minor offences leading to more children being punished by the system (Boiteux, 2011).  

 All is not groom for depite the efforts undertaken by the system to deal with the drug trafficking in Brazil. With massive cases of corruption in the system, it becomes hard to eliminate or reduce drug trafficking if drug traffickers can easily corrupt the system by buying off the police, prosecutors and judges .Moreover, where resources of criminal justice have been diverted to anti-drug endeavors in such a manner that the ability if the system in handling non-drug crime, increases case of violence do arise.  The system continue imprisoning people accused of crimes related to drugs while not having any impact on the issue of drug trafficking. Most people who are taken to court and imprisoned are minor drug dealers on the first offense and who live in poor areas of the society while the major offenders who can easily buy their freedom go scot-free. Arrest and conviction in the criminal justice system   do not strategically target traffickers in ways that may minimize drug-related violence and eve homicides.  Ineffectiveness in the system and inequality in accessing justice can explain the failure to mop out or eliminate drug trafficking even among the major players.

Way forward

This criminal justice system is an important party in fighting drug abuse and trafficking, considering the drug menace in Brazil, which has been reported to consume almost 18 percent of the drugs, trafficked in the world. The system has to include various measures that target the real culprits of the drug trafficking and hence, prevent arrest of only minor individuals. Concerted effort among the police, prosecutors and judges and elimination of corruption in the system can ensure effectiveness in eliminating or reducing drug trafficking.

Reference

de Oliveira Carlos, J. (2015). Drug policy and incarceration in São Paulo, Brazil1. 4-14

Miraglia, P. (2015). Drugs and Drug Trafficking in Brazil: Trends and Policies. Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence Latin America Initiative. Retrieved from: http://www. brookings. edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/04/global-drug policy/Miraglia--Brazil-final. pdf.

Boiteux, L. (2011). Drugs and Prisons: The repression of drugs and the increase of the Brazilian penitentiary population. Systems overload-drug laws and prisons in Latin America. Amsterdam/Washington: Transnational Institute/Washington Office Latin America, 30-8.

Police Operations in Context

The two major issues that the administration should consider include an evaluation on where and how shared police services  can beneficial to the society and allowing evidence-based research on how sustain the services.  The evaluation on the shared services will ensure that the right places for providing these services are selected and allocation of resources is done according to how services are needed. Areas of the municipalities that require more police presence to maintain order will be selected first and resources directed there for better service delivery.  The evaluation will also ensure consolidation of police services for effective and efficient delivery of operations in the community while at the same time, preventing the services from being watered down or becoming impersonal. Therefore, the administrators will follow a specific strategy in matching the operational budget to the actual service delivery. Adoption of shared services will act as the catalyst for changes within the police service which have not been experienced for a long time (Kocher, 2012).

Secondly, the administration must ensure that they support research and development that is based on evidence from the field. Collaboration between the police service practitioners and academicians through research will provide analytic information and data which the administration can use in enhancing their decision making process. Research that is evidence based has previously been used in many events and its direct impact on the criminal justice system has largely been observed (Kocher, 2012). After the administrators make a decision on pursuing shared services, the research can offer reliable statistics which relate to the implementation process.  This shows that the two issues, shared services and evidence-based research can be used concurrently to ensure sustainability in service delivery.

Reference

Kocher, C. (2012). Sustaining police operations at an efficient and effective level under difficult economic times. The Police Chief, 79(3), 28-33.

Police Administration

The book that holds reflective effect of the development of policing study is police administration authored by Wilson O. W in 1950 (Hoover, 2005).  This was the core hallmark of the policing academic establishment in the 1950’s. The context of the particular text set gave guidance to the management of police for a minimum of 30 years (Hoover, 2005). The text was a product of the strategy principles regarding administration that was established in the early 1940s. The administration strategy is well known to be the third among the core thought schools that are based on the theories of organization developed in the 20th century (Hoover, 2005).  The century was welcomed with the strategy of scientific administration but its emphasis transformed after the human relations experiment by the principles approaches rapidly displaced the perceptions.  The principles approach worked on the assumptions the best way of administering an organization was only one.

Kansas City Preventative patrol experiment created negative perspective in regard to traditional policing because the findings suggested that routine preventative police patrol conducted in marked cars held little impact on the prevention of crime or enhancing the safety sensation on citizens (Police, 2016).  However, the findings did not, however, state or make assertions that the high presence of the police visibility does not hold any impact on the occurrence of crimes in some circumstances but its effect was minimal (Police, 2016).  The whole implication is that the resources that were typically billed to preventive guard could be dedicated safely to other policing activities that are more productive that are aimed to control crime.  Specifically, the findings make the indication that the deployment of police approaches could be grounded on targeted avoidance and objective services rather on the defensive patrol custom.  This experiment resulted in the implementation of the suggested strategies with fresh leaderships without affecting the safety of the public (Police, 2016).

The 1960s are significant to the establishment of an administration in that first, there was the presence of commission’s reports in the USA addressing criminal justice management issues (Hoover, 2005). Second, the criminal justice concept arrival system was seen by the 1960s with a distinct description as a systematic strategy to the issues of delinquency as well as crime and the perception of police being an inaccessible agency longer existed. Third, the existence convergence factors resulted in the growth of a series of academic initiative in the policing field (Hoover, 2005). The final one was the 1960s led to the complexity discovery by sociologists on police work. Before that period the only complexity that was in existence was the enforcement of the specialized public administration (Hoover, 2005).

The 1980’s was characterized by responsiveness to 1970s. The 1980s were recognized by the rise of community and problem directed strategies to police (Hoover, 2005). These approaches were targeted at increasing police agencies effectiveness in ways characterized by innovativeness.  The recognition was that a traditional strategy to the investigations as well as the patrol was never effective at that period. The approaches were based on the thought that human relations skills and creativity were major in developing policing success (Hoover, 2005).

The development should begin with the replication strategy where findings to the different studies can be adopted (Hoover, 2005).  Second, development of policing study effectiveness can best be achieved through a separation of social and political advocacy from science (Hoover, 2005).  Policing study needs to be focused directly on the needs of the community despite the attractiveness of both political and social grounds which might affect its ability. Third, there is a need of developing a respected degree.  In this, the author is attempting to state that discipline is key in moving forward even with limited resources.  Moreover, equitability should be maintained while serving everyone (Hoover, 2005).  Democracy can best be sustained while attempting to offer quality and fair services to the community.

            Reference

Larry T. Hoover. (2005). From Police Administration To The  Police Science: The Development  Of Police  Academic  Establishment  In The United States. Sage Publication.

Police, F. (2016). The Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment. Retrieved from https://www.policefoundation.org/projects/the-kansas-city-preventive-patrol-experiment/

Old Workers Benefit Protection Act 1990

Introduction

Embracing diversity  in the workplace simply implies  that  employers compliments the existing differences  and thus identifies  the  special  contributions are  made  by every individual  thus  developing  a surrounding  that  maximizes  the  capability  for everyone.  The  stereotyping  which is a discrimination  particularly for older  working persons which can either be  intentional or unplanned  suffuses the  society  by acting  as  a serious hindrance  to  older  American workers  in achieving their abilities  which  results in  devastating  social, psychological  and economic  issues (Brownell & Kelly, 2013).  Discrimination has been in existence despite the implementation of different   policies for centuries now and it prevents orders persons from participating in economic growth.   It has been established  that  based on  the lack of  benefits  equality  in the work place which is sometimes determined  by  age  most of the  older persons  makes  the decision of  quitting  work.   Old age is associated  with  less  production  but this should not  be used  while issuing benefits  skills they  contribute  skills and every worker deserves  equal opportunities.  Older employees of  65 years and beyond  state  that they  are considered  to be too old  and they  are forced  to  stop working .  most of the  discrimination made  in the year  2010 more than  50 percent  where  basically made  on age discrimination  with  employees  being considered  to be too old (Guerin & Barreiro, 2016).  For  the employees amid the age  of  50 years and  64 years  normally  experience  difficulties  when they  attempt to  acquire  longer  shifts  similarly to the  younger  colleagues (Brownell & Kelly, 2013).  Older individuals without employment are holds 70% higher chances of retaining their unemployment in the future as compared to the individuals below 45 years (Guerin & Barreiro, 2016).  Age discrimination  began to be  a social and an economic issue  in the early 19^th  century  during the  industrialization  era  where  individuals were  required to  work  harder  and for longer  hours in order  to  increase the  general productivity (Guerin & Barreiro, 2016).  Everyone deserves equal treatment in the workplace regardless of their age status. The congress found it as an essential norm to pass the Act so that equality can be enhanced.

An Act

Offer amendment  to ADEA( Age Discrimination In Employment  Act),   passed  in 1967 in order to offer clarifications  to the protections offered  to  older persons  in  reference  to employee benefits strategies  and  other  objectives (EEOC, 2017).

Be  enacted  mainly  by the  representatives  house  and the Senate  of USA in the  as an semblance of the  congress (EEOC, 2017).

Short Title I:  ‘Older Workers Benefit Protection Act’

Findings

The  congress  establishes  that  based on the supreme’s court  decision in  regard  to  the retirement  system of public employees  Versus  Betts 256 (1989),  there is a need  for  implementation of a legislative  action to  offer  restoration  to the  real intentions of the  congress  in the  amendment of  ADEA 1967 which  was  to ban older  workers  benefits discrimination  in exemption  with  adequate  justification  that  are based  on  cost  accountability (EEOC, 2017).

Section 2: Definition

The Act’s amendment is accomplished by adding: compensation, employment privileges, conditions and terms encompassing all the benefits of staffs (EEOC, 2017).

Section 3: Purpose

The amendment is objected   in offering: observation  of bona fide’s  terms  where  the  benefit packages for all the  employees   is  equal  and  for the older  workers they do not receive less  than the cost incurred  on the  benefits  of  younger  employees. In addition the early retirement voluntarily plans incentives aligns with the Acts aim (EEOC, 2017).

Section 4: Set of Laws and Rules

Without  following the 9^th section of  ADEA’s  1967 the commission responsible for the  regulation of equal  chances  for  employment  can issue  some  laws  and  regulations  that   the  commission finds  to be  significant  in  handling the  title as well as the  Title’s amendment. This can only be conducted after a consultation has been done with labor and treasure secretary (EEOC, 2017).

Section 5: Effective Date

The  title  of the Act  as well as all the  involved  amendment to the previous policy  shall  not be applicable until  after  a termination has been conducted  on such  agreements of collective  bargains  which is  also similar  to  the 1^st of June 1992 which happens first (EEOC, 2017).

Any employment  that  was  conducted  after  the enactment  of  the protection  of benefits  for older  staffs  shall  not  be  credible as the application will  begin to  be  applicable and objective  two years following  the  enactment has occurred (EEOC, 2017). 

If an employee  fails to  raise their need  to be insured  by the  fresh  benefits  covering disability  the employer  can  continue  to offer  benefits that  are based on the  previous  Act  despite the  fact that  the  necessitates  of  the  amended  Act  are not being fulfilled (EEOC, 2017).

Fresh benefits shall be determined  by the period  that  the employees  has  offered  services  for  credibility  and qualification.  Disability  benefits  will  refer  to all the  employees  programs  offering  long-term  benefits  as part  of insurance  of a pension  plan for the employees (EEOC, 2017).

Title II:  Rights or Declarations Waiver

 The 7^th section of ADEA 1967  is reformed  through the addition  several  fresh subsections  like; a person  cannot  waive any of their personal rights  given  by  the  act  unless the  waiving  is performed  with  adequate  knowledge  and in a voluntary  way which should be  an  agreement, specifically  addressing  claims  or one’s rights  before  its execution (EEOC, 2017).

Section 2: Effective Date

Generally  the reform  conducted  by this section  shall  offer  respect  to  the  waivers  that  happens   prior to the  enactment  date of this Title’s Act.  In addition  those  waivers  that  are  proven by  the  commission  of  equal opportunities  in employment  and are  contained  in title 29 of 1627. 16 (c) which is a federal regulation code shall hold zero effect and force (EEOC, 2017).

Title III: Severability

If  any of the Act’s provisions  or the made  adjustment  or any related  circumstances  are  regarded  to be invalid  the acts  reminder, its amendment and   provisions  applications  to  other  individuals  as well as  situations  shall  not  be  practical  in this manner (EEOC, 2017).

The  American  congress and the government   made the consideration that  it was  highly  significant  under  the  discrimination  circumstances  against  persons  based on  aged  thus passing the  Act  in 1990 (EEOC, 2017).

Social and Economic Effects of Discrimination Based On Age

OWBPA (Old Workers Benefit Protection Act 1990), regulations denies  age discrimination the working organization in the situation when employers are  offering  fringe reimbursement that  includes life insurance,  health  insurance, retirement,  disability  as well  as pensions  benefits (Brownell & Kelly, 2013).  The  policy therefore permits  employers  to decrease  the  offered  benefits  to  employees  characterized  by  older  age  is there is a justifiable  reason  based  on the  costs  consideration.  However, in most  of the  cases  employers are necessitated  to  offer  fair and equal  opportunities  to both  young as  well as  older  employees within their  organizations.  This requirement  may be  accomplished  by employers  by  the spending of similar  benefits amount  offered  to both  of the present groups even if the conduct  results  in older  persons  getting less  earning (Brownell & Kelly, 2013).

Age discrimination is defined as the stereo type of persons on the basis of their age.  This kind of discrimination normally affects persons above the age of 50 and beyond (Twomey, 2010). The utilization of Tobacco is generally associated to numerous social as well as economic consequences.  The number of people affected by age discrimination increases every year.  Based on  statistics  released  in reference to workplace discrimination  age discrimination can  be described as  a health issue  of adequate  importance  in the state  of America (Twomey, 2010). This therefore  calls for the  reform   of  an appropriate measure  for offer  support  to  the existing  policy which has not experience  change  in the  last  two decades.  The  increment  of  age discrimination  is a threat  to the lives  of  everyone  in the united  states as the  economic and social  status are  impacted.  Discrimination  is a silent mistreatment of  individuals and  with  the negative effects  that  it generates  it should not  be  promoted  in the  workplace. Discrimination in the Workplace particularly that grounded on age results in more psychological illnesses than any other known causes.  Psychological imbalance is the leading cause of deaths in older individuals who holds reduced capability to withstand stress (Twomey, 2010).  Older  individuals  needs to be engaged  in  activities  that  drives  their  mind  away from the reality  of aging  and this is based  acquired in the  workplace (Twomey, 2010).

The congress  at  least  recognized  that  older workers are  particularly discriminated  in regard  to  benefits  by  being considered to be less  productive and a burden to  organizations.  Old workers discrimination  accounts  to approximately  50%  of  all the  kinds of  discriminations that  occur  in  the working environment (Cihon  & Castagnera , 2011).   This type of discrimination results to the loss of many billions thus affecting economic productivity.  Older  women are  mostly subjected to the  kind  of discrimination  as compared  to  men  generally  who are  assumed  to  be physically  superior  than females.  The  aspects  that are  affected  by  older  employees form  of discrimination  are  economical, social  as well as emotional (Cihon  & Castagnera , 2011).

The social effects of discrimination are numerous and they affect a community in general.  To begin with, the stereotyping older employees results in loss of confidence and dignity on the affected persons (Cihon & Castagnera , 2011).  It becomes  difficult  for individuals  to attempt to  participate  in  activities  since  the belief that  they  are  not  useful begins to  grow.  In addition  it discourages  individuals to  participate  and  enjoy  interactions  social  based  on the  poor  reactions that  they  receive.  This  is  unfair  since the older persons  are  denied  opportunities  to enjoy certain  privileges  and  rights  in the economic and  social  world.  Diversity is an incorporation of fair as well as equal treatment and the economic world loses so much by discriminating persons based on age (Cihon & Castagnera , 2011).

Old employee’s discrimination is a form of isolation that drives people away from social and economic groups into their self groups.  This form of isolation  leads  to economic loss  since when old persons leave  the  workplace  after being  treated  unequally corporations losses  skills, expertise  and  knowledge  held by the  group (Guerin & Barreiro, 2016).  Older persons are more productive in innovativeness and creativity as compared to the younger persons in the modern society based on the recent reports.  With unequal  provision of benefits  older  persons withdrawal from working which implies that  income  generation  is developed  along  with decreased  consumption. Despite the fact that  older  persons  are  highly qualified they  are  hired in lower  working positions which is not right. Most  corporation  prefers to offer  benefits  to  younger  persons since  they  are  characterized  with less compensation for instance  in regard to  health benefits.  This in turn results in the loss of productivity economically since the purchasing authority and taxation base reduces (Cihon & Castagnera , 2011).  Discrimination  based on age  in the workplace  is a negative practice  as it  eliminates  productive  and  useful  persons  by offering  a treatment that only fits disposals (Guerin & Barreiro, 2016).  Based  on  the recent report  it is stated that there is a higher  need   that  amounts  to 40% for the  need  of  higher  protection to older  employees  in acquiring equal benefits (Guerin & Barreiro, 2016).  Based  on a survey conducted  in 2014 more than 1500 older  persons  which accounts for 64 percent have stated  an experience  an observation of  discrimination  performed  on the  basis of age.  Of  the same  persons  93 percent of the  population states  that  discrimination on the  basis of age is a common  occurrence (Guerin & Barreiro, 2016).

The Occurrence after the Enactment of the Law by the Congress

Following the passing of the older workers benefits prevention Act, different reactions both for and against it arose.  Most  of the local, federal and  state  agencies  were  in agreement  and offered  much support  to the  policy.  Since the passing more and more cases against discrimination have been raised in courts against employees.

Cases

The  act  is  normally  characterized  by  sensitive wording that  at  times  needs  consultation  and  confirmation  for the  employees  to make  adequate  claims against  discrimination  subjected  by their employers based on their  age. In regard to Foster V. mountain coal company., LLC 2014, D. Colo 16^th  may  2014, the  court  made the ruling that  the severance agreement  failed   in complying to the policies  of OWBPA based on the failure to state  the need  for the  plaintiff  in  making an  Attorney’s consultation  before  making  severance  agreement (Greenhouse, 2015). The American  supreme court  made  a major ruling in 2008  in the  case Meacham V. Knolls atomic  Power  Lab (2008), 554 U.S. 84 that  the  corporation’s employer  and  in the case  not  the  employee  holds the  responsibility  of  making proves  that discrimination, layoff or  any other  conduct  that  leads subjection of  hurt  to the older  employees  based  both  on age as well as  other related factors.  In 2008, in the case Gomez Perez V. potter  the  supreme court  permitted workers under federal  governance with  an experience of  reprisal  based on the  report made  against  age  bias  should sue for the compensations.   However  in 2000 the court   made the  judgment  that  state employees  did not  have the ability  to sue the specified  state  for financial  damages  under the  act in  Kimel  V.  Florida Bd. of regents (Cihon & Castagnera , 2011).

Positive and negative Effects of Older Workers Discrimination Act

The act  offers  protection  to  older  individuals in  acquiring fringe  benefits which has  possible  desirable and negative effects.  The implementation of any policy that  manipulates  the  operation  of  free markets  abilities  to make decisions  could  normally  impact  an individual  negatively  by hindering productivity  of a firm which prevents  companies from making efficient retaining and hiring  decisions.  Corporations spends  so much  in compensating  employees and  this can be  termed as a loss especially  when the cost  incurred are higher than the contributions of  staffs (Filipp, 2007).  The  economic world today  requires  faster  and responsive  persons  in  identification of  market needs  which  best suits the  younger  persons.  This generally affects the  economy  but   since  older  persons are characterized by  higher  benefits  especially  those  relevant  to health (Filipp, 2007).

The Act’s obvious language hinders persons from being hired based on the fear of the consequences even with adequate qualifications.  However  the  law  has offered  protection to many  individuals and  has resulted  into the  fall of  discrimination  scenarios  that  are  conducted  on age  basis (Twomey, 2010).  This  has  thus  helped  in supporting  diversity  in the working environment  since  the older  persons feels  more  involved  in  development.  The  social  and psychological   issues that  are  associated  to  the feeling of  isolation and confidence loss  has been eliminated  since   older  persons  are treated  more  equally  as the  other  workers.  This has generated a certain degree of fairness in the economic world. The government   and institutions involved like the health insurance corporations benefits thus results in economic expansion.  The  turnover  rate  among the  older  employees  has  reduced  with  time which shows that  the  Act  has  been effective in  taking  care  of  the older persons  rights (Twomey, 2010).

The Act  resulted to the violation of  employers  freedom  in  regard to making  decision while  upholding the  privileges  of older  employees. In some roles where  more  technical effort  is necessitated  the  law’s  policy should  have  developed  different  guidelines  and specialties  in handling the  manner  without  violating  older employees or the employer’s privileges (Brownell & Kelly, 2013).  In addition  in regard  to  benefits that  are  associated  to  higher  costs  the  Law  does not  offer directions  which  causes a negative perception of the  policy  by  most  operators in the  business  world  today.

Conclusion

Old Workers Benefit Protection Act 1990 is normally considered to be amongst the greatest achievements that have been done in the sector of employment regulation.   The congress  passed  the Act  in 1990 as an amendment  of the  age discrimination  act that  had be passed  in the year  1967 in order  to safe guard  the benefits of older  workers  against discrimination. The primary   objective of  the  act  is to offer  protection to the  rights  of older  workers  through enhancing  equality  and  encouraging diversity.  However  more than 20, 000 fresh  discrimination cases are filed  every  year  against employers  who   fail to offer  equal benefits  to  employees  on the  consideration that  older  individuals are  less productive.  Under the  act  employers  are  particularly necessitated  to give  equal  benefits  to  young as well as  older workers without fail.   The  Act  fails however  to  offer  any provisions in regard  to the  growth  of  costs that  are  incurred  in reference to  certain benefits  like  health or even life insurance  that  is offered  to older  persons. The economic  surrounding  is currently  developing  and more mental skills  are  being required  in being innovative  and creative rather  than the traditional  energy that  was being required.  This means that older individuals require the opportunity to work and acquire equal benefits as compared to their young counters. The issue should be handled from the bottom through approaches such as corporation’s culture’s appraisal and offering training.

            References

Brownell, P. J., & Kelly, J. J. (2013). Ageism and mistreatment of older workers: Current reality, future solutions. Dordrecht: Springer.

Cihon, P. J., & Castagnera, J. (2011). Employment & labor law. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

EEOC. (2017). Old Workers Benefit Protection Act 1990. Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/owbpa.html

Filipp, M. (2007). Practical guide to employment law. Place of publication not identified: Kluwer.

Greenhouse, L. (2015). A Supreme Court Victory for Older Workers. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/washington/20scotus.html

Guerin, L., & Barreiro, S. (2016). The essential guide to federal employment laws. Nolo.

Twomey, D. P. (2010). Labor & employment law: Text & cases. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Interagency Operations

Q1.  Interagency operations can be defined as the operations that involve two or more agencies that are based on the government. According to the public value and their motivation, the operations consider the knowledge that is based on those persons working on the interagency approach as an organizational feature that needs to be effectively used (Bryant & Land Warfare Studies Centre Australia, 2007).

Q2.  Institutional division acts as a barrier against collaboration and this is because the divisions hinder them from effectively teaming up with the other organizations.  If institutions can know how to work together in collaboration, then there will be no limits in them succeeding (Bryant & Land Warfare Studies Centre Australia, 2007). 

Q3.  The pros –The system of collaboration contributes to the wider based approach of a successful team.

                        -  This also calls for a wider range of collaboration and communication. 

            The cons- This reorganization causes some delays in having the best team idea. 

• Reorganization in any institution leads to lack of productivity as some ideas are slows down due to lack of collaboration (Davis & Daniels, 2016).

Q4.  a) Schools would prepare for a rare event for them to become prepared for new ideas, methods and approaches.  This helps the students to become self dependent (Davis & Daniels, 2016). 

Q5.  a) School shootings are the kind of mass shooting that involves the use of attack by guns in the school institution while the terrorists attack is the appearance of the terrorists in the institution and killing a mass of people. 

1. b) School shootings cannot be called a terrorist attack as it is either caused by either an assault on the government or the government while the terrorist attacks are not based on politics but are planned by the terrorists (International Handbook of Threat Assessment, 2013).

Q6. School buses become the preferred targets for the terrorists as they have a high concentration of students in a small place while there is also high numbers of the students who stay in the bus stations and can be well caught by the terrorist blast (International Handbook of Threat Assessment, 2013). 

Q7.  The issue on collaboration on the Beslan Massacre explains how the Russian officials did not partner with the hostages who demanded for the removal of the troops in Russia from Chechnya and they also wanted the prisoners who were sentenced after the guerilla war to be released. 

1. b) Schools are responsible for the day to day activities of the student whenever they are in the institution. Thus school safety should be a shared responsibility starting with the whole community (Giduck, 2005).

Q8.  a) Mitigate is the prevention of future emergencies and slowing down their influences.  These include the forms of activities that reduce the damaging influences of the emergencies that are hard to prevent.

1. b) Preparedness is the way of handling an already happened emergency. It consists of the plans and the provisions that are planned in saving lives and respond to the rescue operations. 
2. c) Response is the way of recuperating from the emergency. It includes the actions that are taken to save lives and the prevention of the future damage while in a condition of an emergency.   
3. d) Recovery is the way of getting away from an emergency.  It includes the actions that are taken to get back to normal or to a better situation based on the emergency (Moore & Hansen, 2012). 

Q9.  Developing a plan can be helpful to the change makers so that they can turn their dreams into reality.  In developing a plan, one should know whether the action is complete or if all the steps are relevant in all the parts of the community.  One should also review whether the plans are clear and whether the plans are innovative.  This will help them know whether the plans reflect the current works of the organization (Abrams, 2003).

1. b) A plan should be based on the committee formulation as it is important to convene a planning group so that the plan should be well designed. This committee can be the people who can help in deciding the strategies of the plan and its objectives. 
2. c) Formulating a plan in jobs and responsibilities help in developing of the job description that provides the most important results that one needs from an employee in performing a particular task (Abrams, 2003).

Q10.  a) The Pull down behind the head is the least effective program.  It is exercised by sitting on the machine with a biased and a cabled bar overhead.  This exercise is only done by the people with flexible shoulder joints and can keep their spines straight (Anderson, 2007). 

1. b) Walking is the most effective exercise. It strengthens the heart and burns the calories.  It is an exercise that is performed anywhere with only a pair of shoes. 
2. c) Full scale exercise is an inspired training that includes all the business aspects such as government agencies and other partners. This is the easiest exercise to know and it needs a high level of physical engagement and a large scale of communication (Anderson, 2007).

Q11.  Tactical site survey is the examination of the place or the spot so that one can have the actual data or information.  It has different skills and features depending on the type of plan that is needed to be seen in the location (Chandra, 2003). 

Q12.  a)  When the DHS was formed, the united 22 national agencies and departments into a united and incorporated cabinet agency. 

1. b) Based on the public approach of the protective concepts against the natural disasters, their allocation is most often in the dominion of the bureaucratic and the expert organizations. The bureaucracy gives protection against the natural disasters (Davis, 2008). 
2. c) The federal government should play the most important role in controlling the natural disasters. Most importantly, it should be in charge of the control of the emergencies and other natural hazards. 
3. d) The emergency manager should control the natural disasters in coordinating the support of the government to the citizens of the nations and be the first respondents to these disasters.
4. e) The 9/11 event is widely known as one of the calamities that affected the global consciousness project. It brought up the wide economic changes globally (Davis, 2008). 

Q13.  a) The policy mandates of the post 9/11 are important in that they made the immigration policy considered on the national security which has awakened the border security in the immigration enforcement.   

1. b) ISE is the feature of the Cisco’s Borderless Networking. It helps in the formation and the enforcement of the security access plans for the endpoint tools to the organization’s routers and switches (Masferrer, 2012). 
2. a) JTTF was established in 1980 in the New York City.
3. b) The JTTF increased and became more active after 9/11 in that they were able to investigate the domestic and the foreign terrorists with the purpose of impeaching their criminal actions.
4. c) The JTTF get involved in the surveillance and the electronic survey where they get the initial sources in their search.
5. d) The benefits of the JTTF is that they are meant to detect and protect and terrorist actions or plans (Newman, Clarke & United States, 2010).

Q15.  a) The role of the private sector in the cyber crime is to raise the awareness and prevent people from becoming victims of the crime. 

1. b) Terrorists are the main threat to the national cyber security (Wall, 2007).

Q16.  The private sector inclusion is important in that 9/11 was the main event that led to change.  The private sector helped sharing of information that brought up different expectations (Wall, 2007).     

References

Abrams, R. M. (2003). The successful business plan: Secrets & strategies. Palo Alto, Calif: The Planning Shop.  

Anderson, B. (2007). Getting back in shape: 32 workout programs for lifelong fitness. Bolinas, Calif: Shelter Publications.

Bryant, J., & Land Warfare Studies Centre (Australia). (2007). A more lasting peace: Reflections on interagency operations in the Solomons and Iraq. Duntroon, A.C.T: Land Warfare Studies Centre.  

Chandra, R. (2003). Potentials of world terrorism. Delhi: Kalpaz Publ.

Davis, J., & Daniels, K. (2016). Effective DevOps: Building a culture of collaboration, affinity, and tooling at scale.

Davis, L. (2008). Natural disasters. New York: Facts On File.

Giduck, J. (2005). Terror at Beslan: A Russian tragedy with lessons for America's schools. Golden, Colo.: Archangel Group.  

International Handbook of Threat Assessment. (2013). s.l.: Oxford University Press Inc.       

Masferrer, A. (2012). Post 9/11 and the state of permanent legal emergency: Security and human rights in countering terrorism. Dordrecht: Springer.

Moore, K. D., & Hansen, J. R. (2012). Effective strategies for teaching in K-8 classrooms. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Newman, G. R., Clarke, R. V. G., & United States. (2010). Policing terrorism: An executive's guide. Darby, PA: Dianne Publishing.               

Wall, D. (2007). Cybercrime: The transformation of crime in the information age. Cambridge: Polity.    

Legalizing narcotics

            The war on drugs has been a constant problem not only in the United States but also in different countries across the world. Drugs have become a part of society where, despite being illegal, drug users find a way to get a hold of various types of drugs. While the legal punishment for being found in possession or using drugs is very strict, drug dealers and drug users have established connections that enable them to indulge in the harmful and illegal act of taking drugs. One of the approaches that the government has taken to reduce the sale and consumption of drugs such as narcotics is prohibition. Any person found in possession of narcotics risks being sent to prison or made to pay a fine. Although prohibition has had some positive results in controlling the sale and consumption of narcotics, the impact is not significant enough to say that prohibition is working. Prohibiting the sale and use of narcotics has also created a black market for such products for those willing to break the law in order to get the drugs. The environment created has led to a lot of violence and insecurity as most drug traffickers operate in places where the law enforcement officers cannot find them. In order to control issues that arise from illegal sale of drugs such as trafficking and violence, a different approach must be considered. An ideal solution will therefore be to legalize narcotics as this will create a platform where the government can control where they are sold, who sells them and how to mediate between those handling such drugs so as to ensure that violence is prevented and that trafficking issues are regulated.

            In the United States, people found in the possession of illegal drugs either for sale or personal use make up over 59% of the prisoners in federal custody. Dealing in drugs has become so common that more than 1.5 million people are arrested for drug possession every year in the United States (Goldstein, 2010). In a bid to cub this menace, governments spend billions of dollars in an attempt to prevent the sale and use of illegal drugs and this is something that has been done over the years. During his term, president Regan spent more than 22 billion dollars in drug enforcement. President Bush on the other hand spent over 733 million dollars in the fight against drugs (Goldstein, 2010). Every year, the United State government approves millions of dollars to fund the war against drugs. Despite their efforts, the drug industry has continued to grow with the war on drugs having no significant efforts in curtailing the growth of the illegal drugs market. The various attempts from various presidents is proof that the war on drugs has always existed in the United States and if any change is to be experienced, a different approach ought to be considered.

            Rather than finding solutions that have desired results in combating drug abuse as long as issues related to drugs such as drug trafficking, the government has been throwing money at the issue hoping that it will eventually go away. More than 19 billion dollars are spent each year in the United States all in the name of enforcing drugs laws intended to curtail the growth of the illegal drugs market (Cato Institute, 2004). Rather than solving the problem it is intended for, the money is used up in policies that have little impact in preventing the sale, distribution and use of illegal drugs such as narcotics. Despite that no significant reduction in drug use and drug related arrests, tax payers are forced to pay even higher taxes whenever the drug use goes up. Even when drug related issues appear to be on the increase, citizens are told to provide more capital through taxes so as to accommodate this growth in the illegal drugs market. When a significant, though rare, reduction in drug abuse and drug related cases is experienced, citizens still experience high taxation as they are informed that more money is needed to ensure that the success in the fight against drugs needs the capital to ensure the achieved results are maintained (Cato Institute, 2004).

            The mistake that prohibition of narcotics has is that it operates on the promise that making drugs illegal will have in the future. Instead of solving the current problem of drug abuse in the country, policies like prohibition are based on the hope that enough people will be arrested in future to discourage or cause a significant shift on the war against drugs (Cato Institute, 2004). However, the fight against drugs is a serious matter that must be based on more than hope. Rather than making narcotics illegal in the hope that arresting drug barons and users will discourage the use of narcotics, the government must consider a more realistic and time conscious approach such as legalizing such drugs (Cato Institute, 2004). By doing so, the government will be able to do away with the high profits that make the illegal drugs industry lucrative to drug barons. Prohibiting the use of narcotics makes them difficult to attain. However, since people are still willing to buy narcotics despite their being illegal, drug lords take it upon themselves to ensure that the drugs are available to customers. Since dealing with narcotics is illegal, the drug lords charge more money to compensate for the risk they put themselves in. prohibiting them also means that fewer people can provide narcotics and this reduces competition. Those providing the drugs have the freedom to set their own prices which gives them high profits and thus makes the drug dealing business very lucrative (Cato Institute, 2004).

            Legalizing narcotics is therefore the most ideal solution for reducing issues related to illegal drugs. Making narcotics legal will mean that different people can apply for a license allowing them to sell narcotics. An increase in the number of distributors will create competition and this drastically reduces the amount of money that drug lords are currently making. The drugs market will therefore become less lucrative because the profits will not be as high as they are now for those distributing the drugs (Cato Institute, 2004). Legalizing narcotics will also do away with the trafficking issue since legal means of making the drug available will be provided. People will no longer have to go through dangerous trafficking methods such as swallowing the drug in small bags which endangers the individual’s life. All those who intend to sell the drugs will have a proper channel of acquiring the drugs and making them available to the customer. Legalizing will therefore have more control in the sale and consumption of narcotics that prohibition has had throughout the time it has been used as a means of discouraging the sale, distribution and consumption of the drugs (Cato Institute, 2004).

            Over the years, legalization has proved to be more effective than prohibition when it comes to controlling the use of drugs. An example is the case where consumption and sale of alcohol was prohibited in the 1920s (Luban, O’Sullivan & Stewart, 2014). However, the prohibition did little to control the consumption of alcohol but rather increased the number of people being arrested for engaging in alcohol or violent crimes as a result of consuming the drug. As a result, congress made the decision to do away with the prohibition and legalize alcohol as a way of controlling its sale, consumption and behavior related to alcohol consumption. Similar to the case of alcohol, the prohibition of narcotics has had similar results. Although more people are being arrested for either selling or using the illegal drugs, there has been little impact in reducing the amount of narcotics being trafficked in and out of the United States (Luban, O’Sullivan & Stewart, 2014).

Prohibition does little to stop the use of narcotics because drug lords find more secretive ways to move the drugs across the country to ensure that their customers have access to them. Since most of the dealings are conducted through the black market, police have little control over the transactions that take place since they are not even aware of what is going on. Such environments greatly promote violence as individuals take it upon themselves to settle disputes at times in the most gruesome ways (Balkin, 2005). Regardless of whatever efforts made through prohibition, narcotics are still available on the streets and the policy has proved inefficient in controlling the distribution of narcotics. It is estimated that almost half of the student population in the United States have used an illegal drug before graduating with over 54.1% admitting to the fact that they have tried an illegal drug at least once. Also, 82% of students in the senior level claimed that attaining narcotics was rather easy as one only needed to know a dealer or someone who could connect them and this was not something difficult to do (Goldstein, 2010). Despite the claims that the war on drugs has been successful, arresting a large number of drug dealers does not warrant a victory because the existence of such drugs in the streets means that more people will have access to them.

The reasoning behind narcotics being declared illegal is due to the harmful effects that they may cause to the body if used excessively as well as the violent nature of people under the influence of narcotics (Roe, 2005). However, prohibiting one drug because of its effects on the user would make more sense if there were no other drugs that have the same effect on their users being legalized. The government is yet to clarify why some drugs are prohibited while others are legalized despite all of them having undesirable effects on the user if used in excess. It operates on the basis that drugs that are poisonous, addictive and cause harm to the user ought to be declared illegal and prohibited. However, the government tends to be biased when it comes to making the decision to prohibit one drug and legalize another (Roe, 2005). Take the case of alcohol for example. Alcohol has been declared legal despite it being addictive to those who ever indulge in its consumption. While some people are more likely to be addicted than others, this does not take away from the fact that alcohol, like most narcotics, is just as addictive. Prohibiting narcotics on the basis that they cause addiction is therefore a misconceived notion since other drugs that have the same effect have been legalized. Another example is the use of tobacco which is legal despite it being addictive and poisonous to the user. Tobacco has been dubbed as one of the most addictive drugs yet narcotics are prohibited on the basis that using them will result to addiction (Roe, 2005).

Another reason behind the prohibition of narcotics is that they are poisonous and can cause harm to the body. However, the same narcotics are used for medical purposes during surgeries or as pain relievers (Roe, 2005). If the drugs were as poisonous as they are said to be, there would be no rational reason to use them on people. Legalizing the use of the drugs in some occasions and then prohibiting the use of the drugs in others creates a sense of confusion as one is not clear as to why the drug is illegal in the first place. If it is okay to use a narcotic to relieve pain in the hospital, it is only fair that people be allowed to use them for the same purpose at home without the fear of being arrested (Roe, 2005). Having different standpoints on when it is okay to use a drug and when it is illegal to indulge in the same confuses people and since the government has already demonstrated the benefits that some narcotics have, the goal should be to educate people on how to use them rather than resulting to prohibition. Narcotics have the same effects as alcohol or tobacco. When taken in excess, alcohol may lead the user into engaging in violent behavior the same way that a person who has consumed a narcotic would behave. The users may also get addicted from the narcotics the same way that tobacco users get addicted to the drug (Roe, 2005). It is therefore wrong to prohibit the use of narcotics while drugs such as alcohol and tobacco are legalized.

Since prohibition has clearly failed, the most ideal approach will be to legalize the use of narcotics so as to have a sense of control over the narcotics market. Since the prohibition policy made the sale of narcotics illegal, drug lords had to operate in secret while users ensured that they were not caught in possession of narcotics (Luban, O’Sullivan & Stewart, 2014). This secrecy made it difficult for law enforcement officers to intervene or encourage safe use of such drugs. By legalizing narcotics, the government will be able to directly control the sale of narcotics and therefore implement regulations as well as taxation. Getting the government involved will also help control the irresponsible behavior that users engage in while under the influence of narcotics. Similar to how people are advised against operating heavy machinery or driving under the influence of alcohol, legalizing narcotics will mean that users are advised on the safety measures to take when under the influence so as not to endanger their lives and the lives of others (Balkin, 2005).

Legalization will also be beneficial as it will help do away with the violence brought about by the prohibition of narcotics. When narcotics were made illegal, drug lords had to sell their products in the black market. Since the black market operates underground away from the interaction of the law enforcement officers, it created a lot of violence as different suppliers fought for supremacy and the right to operate in certain areas. Since sellers cannot advertise their products or settle disputes through legal means, they often result to violence as this is the only way they can solve disputes (Miron, 2009).

            According to The Economist (2009), the illegal drug industry makes over 320 billion dollars each year. Instead of preventing drug use, prohibition has done more to promote drug related crimes and violence amongst drug peddlers and drug users. Through prohibition tax payers are forced to provide billions of dollars meant to support the war on drugs. The money is mostly used to equip law enforcement officers with the tools needed to fight drug trafficking as well as send drug traffickers and those in drug related crimes to prison. However, the people who benefit the most from the prohibition are the drug lords who secretly traffic narcotics into the country and sell them making more than 50 billion dollars every year (ACLU, 2005). Since it is done in the black market, the drug lords do not pay taxes, nor are they concerned about the quality control that legal businesses have to abide to. The drug lords only have to ensure that the supply meets the demand not to mention their ability to control prices however they see fit. Other than making the drug industry more lucrative, prohibition has led to more than 58% of the federal prisons being occupied by non violent individuals who were caught with narcotics (ACLU, 2005). A larger percentage means more people to take care of in prison which adds on to the already strenuous conditions in prisons.

            Due to the strictness in the laws prohibiting the use of narcotics, people are in more risk of being harmed by the drugs. It is clear that making narcotics illegal has done little to discourage people from using them. However, due to the trouble that drug dealers have to go through just to make the products available, a lot of risks are incurred when dealing with narcotics. One of the core issues has to do with trafficking where drug lords use various means to transport their product between states and across borders. Some traffickers have lost their lives in the process of trafficking drugs such as cocaine (The Economist, 2009). One method that is the most dangerous is swallowing cocaine bags to pass them through airport security. The bags tend to open while in the stomach leading to the individual’s death. Another problem has to do with the quality of the products. When moving the drugs, traffickers may contaminate them with all the means of concealment thus making them dangerous to the consumers. However, since there is no quality control, dealers sell narcotics to their customers regardless of their impurity or the threat they pose to their health. Users of narcotics also put themselves at risk by use of dirty needles. Since it is illegal, users are forced to share needles and may end up sharing diseases such as HIV (The Economist, 2009). 

            By legalizing narcotics, the problem of drugs will shift from being regulated by law and order to public health. Through taxation, the government will be able to use the money collected to help those who are addicted as well as create awareness and educate people on the dangers of abusing drugs (The Economist, 2009). Although narcotics are a group, different drugs have different effects and taxation will be based on the effect that a certain drug has on the users. Legalization will however not allow minors to engage the use of narcotics and selling to minors will be treated as a crime. Legalization will therefore help in controlling who sells narcotics, their level of quality, who they sell to as well as educating people on the harm involved in overindulging in the use of such drugs. The problem will therefore be better controlled through legalization as it will prevent most of the trafficking issues related to drugs in the market (The economist, 2009).

            Legalizing narcotics will go a long way in reducing the lucrative source of income that organized crimes benefit from by selling drugs in the black market. With more people being allowed to legally sell narcotics, the price charges will significantly drop since the product will be easily available (Luban, O’Sullivan & Stewart, 2014). More sellers will create more competition and the organized crime will not benefit from such dealings as the profits will be far much lower than they currently are. There will also be lesser criminal activity since dealers will be able to advertise their products as well as settle disputes through legal channels. Drug peddlers will be able to involve the police in the case of any disagreements thus encouraging safer means of solving drug related disputes (Luban, O’Sullivan & Stewart, 2014).

            Another advantage of legalizing the sale of narcotics is the amount of money that will be saved by the government. Instead of using billions of dollars on the war on drugs, the money will be put to better use such as educating people on the harm of over indulging in drugs or rehabilitating those that get addicted (Intelligence debates, 2017). The money acquired through taxation will also help in promoting awareness on the effects of drugs so as to ensure that legalizing does not do more harm than good. Legalization will also help reduce the number of non violent individuals sent to federal prison after being found in possession of narcotics. Most people make the assumption that violence is as a result of drugs such as narcotics. However, most of the violence results from the fact that most of these drugs are sold illegally. Legalizing narcotics will ensure that all activities are conducted legally therefore leaving little room for crime or violence (Intelligence debates, 2017).

            While legalizing narcotics will have positive results, there are those against the move as they believe that it will have no impact on the war on drugs. Although making narcotics legal will increase competition, it will not do away with the black market as people will still seek to deal under such environments so as to evade issue like taxation and quality control. Since the black market will still remain in existence, the violence and trafficking issues will remain regardless of the narcotics being legalized (DFAF, 2005). Another problem raised is that legalizing will encourage addiction and over indulgence since they will be easily available. More distributors will mean competition and this will attract cheaper prices. Low prices will encourage more people to indulge in drug taking since they are easily available and cheap. It will also lead to more addiction cases since those willing to use narcotics will have no limitations to do so. The government will therefore have more problems related to drug use such as addiction, rehabilitation cases as well as violence and accidents committed under the influence of narcotics. Legalizing will therefore increase on the problems associated with narcotics rather than solving them (DFAF, 2005).

            Legalization of narcotics holds the key to solving the issue that prohibition has failed to achieve. By legalizing narcotics, the approach on drug control will be more successful as people will be more willing to buy from legal distributors rather than going to the black markets. As a result, the government will have managed to regulate the quality of narcotics sold as well as reducing the amount of crime associated with the illegal trafficking of narcotics. Legalizing their sale means that vendors get assistance from the police whenever a problem is encountered. Since the dealers will be taxed, the drug industry will be a source of income instead of the consumer of government funds like it is today. Similar to how people who consume alcohol or tobacco are allowed to control their consumption of the drugs, narcotic users will be able to use the drugs in ways that do not harm their health. By making narcotics legal, users will be more careful when buying and using the drugs and this will reduce the risks involved in using narcotics. Although prohibition seems as an ideal solution, legalization of narcotics is better equipped to end the war on drugs in the case of narcotics.

References

American Civil Liberties Union, (2005) “Against drug prohibition” retrieved from,             http://aclu.procon.org/view.source.php?sourceID=001737

Balkin, K. (2005). Drug legalization. Farmington Hills, Mich: Greenhaven Press.

Cato Institute, (2004) “Cato handbook for congress” retrieved from,             http://aclu.procon.org/view.source.php?sourceID=002163

Drug Free America Foundation, (2005) “Myths about the drug war” retrieved from,             http://aclu.procon.org/view.source.php?sourceID=002166

Goldstein, M. J. (2010). Legalizing drugs: Crime stopper or social risk?. Minneapolis, MN:         Twenty-First Century Books.

Intelligence Debates, (2017) “Legalize drugs” retrieved from,             http://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/legalize-drugs

Luban, D., O'Sullivan, J. R., & Stewart, D. P. (2014). International and transnational criminal    law.

Miron A, (2009) “Commentary: Legalizing drugs to stop violence” CNN, retrieved from,             http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/24/miron.legalization.drugs/index.html?iref=

Roe B, (2005) “Why we should legalize drugs” retrieved from,       http://aclu.procon.org/view.source.php?sourceID=002161

The Economist, (2009) “How to stop the drug wars” retrieved from,             http://www.economist.com/node/13237193

Capital Punishment

            Capital punishment is additionally known as a death punishment which is a practice sanctioned by the government where an individual is placed on death primarily by the status authority for the committed crime.  Everyone believes that an individual’s life is of great value and therefore, one should not be denied their existence right.  Since every person has the full right of living, once an individual commits an offense such as murder and the sentence becomes a death one which is immediately executed this can be regarded as a rights violation (Mandery & Mandery, 2011).  Killing does not imply that the conduct is corrected rather it is a set of pain to those that are close. In addition, capital punishment is characterized by flaws since most innocent persons will die due to a mistake that happens in the system of justice.

            Capital punishment is unacceptable since it an infringement of human rights.  However, in some circumstances when highly required it can be done to individuals who are mainly involved in mass killing such as terrorists. There are better options which may include psychological assistance which may assist in transforming one’s perspectives in regard to their conducts and actions.  Capital punishment is unfair since in most instances locations and race are the major determinants of those that should live and those that should not (Melusky & Pesto, 2011). In most instances, those that murders white individuals are more likely to be sentenced to death unlike those who kill individuals from the black race. This form of punishment fails in discourages the occurrence of crime despite utilizing so many finances on the penalties.  The punishment also works against ethics and religion as well as its random application which is unacceptable. More than fifteen thousand homicides occur annually in America yet those that are executed are probably a hundred persons which make the execution less than a single percentage (Melusky & Pesto, 2011).  Capital punishment should be avoided since it is grounded on unfair status.

            References

Mandery, E. J., & Mandery, E. J. (2011). Capital punishment in America: A balanced examination. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Melusky, J. A., & Pesto, K. A. (2011). Capital punishment. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood.

Patrol services

            Patrol services are regarded as the strength of character for the police department. Patrol officers serve many functions which include preventing crime and disorder from occurring. They thus respond to calls for various crimes, controlling and maintaining traffic and majorly dealing with solving problems associated to crime and disorder.  Foot patrol is one of the strategies that are used so as to improve public safety through the society policing. This kind of patrol is one of the oldest forms of police patrol. They are tasked with the role of providing a visible presence in a given are so as to prevent crime and also to reassure the society of safety. They work hand in hand with the community so as to be able to identify the vulnerable parts of an area that has high risk of being involved in a crime. They are also tasked with the role of maintaining peace I social gatherings and in strikes. They also respond to calls and the requests of the public to help in solving some of the crimes being committed.

            Effective foot patrol deals with more than just walking around. However, it involves the integration of coordinated planning and programming process. This will ensure that communication resources that are technologically advanced are allocated to hem so as to enhance timely communication and thus efficiency. Adequate as well as workable and advanced communication equipments such as phones that operate 24 hours and a well organized call centre at the police station will be needed so as to ensure that the right information is passed on to the officers while at the field patrolling hence enabling them to have a smooth progressive investigation (Madsen 2010).

            While undertaking a direct patrol or problem policing, there are measures that the officers should adhere to so as to be able to succeed in the foot patrol. The officers should shift their standpoint from being event driven into predicament driven as well as from imprudent into practical based. Scanning is one of the parameters that the officers should use in identifying the issue. They should later carry out an analysis where they learn the cause, extent and impacts of the problem and they should respond with the urgency of the problem so as to alleviate the predicament. Finally the officers should carry out an assessment so as to determine the performance of the response. In order to make the patrol a success and effective it is important to carry out an aggressive patrol as the officer targets on a specific crime so as to maintain the focus and to make more arrests (Madsen 2010).

            Patrol officers are expected to use all the power mandated to them by the constitution in ensuring that they counter all the threats and harm that face the citizens. Thus they are expected to prioritize the safety of all the citizens and the improvement of their lives. They therefore has a greater role of ensuring that all the perpetrators of crime are arrested and to make sure that justice is served for the law breakers.

            It is therefore important to understand that foot patrol is quite essential as it can help to prevent a crime despite the size of the area. This mechanism enhances the officer to understand some of the hidden patterns and characteristics of a given area and be able to anticipate a problem before it occurs and unable to control.

References

Madsen, S. (2010). Practical Skills for Police Community Support Officers. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd.

Solid refutation

The dumping of homeless in Los Angeles

            Even though the fact about dumping of the homeless citizens in Los Angeles is viewed as a problem, there are still others who disagree with this fact. Captain Andy Smith from the LAPD Central Division argues that “the problem is not the big deal everyone is making out to be. The city will be safer with less homeless people.” Although Brenda Wilson, states how overwhelming it is to turn away two hundred citizens in Los Angeles per night as the police dump these homeless citizens at the doorsteps of other people, this fact should not mean that it is all wrong to dump these homeless people.  The reality of this issue is that, homeless people in Los Angeles are human beings and whether they are homeless or not, they have a right to be treated as fellow human beings. If they are dumped, this would mean that unfairness and unjustness will be served on them and yet they have nowhere to call home or even go to. The only way that we can reduce homelessness is through offering home to those who are homeless and in doing so we shall have solved the issues that are associated with the homeless. This would thus reduce the pressing driving force behind the dumping of these Los Angeles homeless citizens. This would only mean that we are inhumane and all our morals are all swept away. Knowing that these homeless people are citizens just like others who have homes, the dumping process in Los Angeles is a problem and it should stop immediately and they should also be provided with safe housing.