Courtelenay Pass report

• The issue of police racial profiling is evidently portrayed in the situational report as indicated by the complaints especially among young black men about biasness and excessive, unnecessary force against them
• The representation of the minority groups in the police force is also an issue as per the report where the demographics of agency do not mirror the community since 94 percent in the department consist of white while the only minorities work in support roles.
• An important issue in the situational report is racial bias in criminal justice system, especially perpetrated by police as seen where the police ignore the case of 9 year old African American, a victim of crime which is dismissed as snake bite
• The issue of aggressive war on drug and policing and it impact in reducing drug activity at the street level is prominent in the report. The police engage in aggressive pursuit of drug peddlers and yet drug proliferation and related crimes remain high in the city.
• Police brutality and how it affects the policy community relationship is seen as paramount in this report where killing of suspect in drug trafficking has led to riots in minority community and hence stifling the relationship
• The issue of conflict of interest in crime investigation by police is portrayed by the case of Kayla Williams’s murder

Research questions

Is there racial profiling by the police agency in Courtelenay Pass?

 How does lack of minority representation in the police force affect the functions of the agency in the community?

Does racial bias exist in the criminal justice system against the minority?

Does aggressive war on drug peddling help in reducing drug proliferation and related crimes?

How does policy brutality affect the relationship of the agency with the community and its effectiveness?

How does conflict of interest affect crime investigation by the police agency?

Annotated Bibliography

Liqun, C. (2011). Visible Minorities and Confidence in the Police. Canadian Journal Of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 53(1), 1-26. doi:10.3138/cjccj.53.1.1

The researchers in this article examined the issue of minorities’ presence in the police force and how it affects the public confidence in the agency. In the theoretical review, the assessment find outs that democratic society mostly shows confidence in the police force but such sentiments are held equality across the society. Minority groups with few representations in the police have lower confidence that white majority who are well represented. Consistent with this view, multivariate analysis results shows that individuals from visible minority groups hold lower confidence levels that those of visible minorities. Such cases are also replicated in the community context and the perceptions.

Horrace, W. C., & Rohlin, S. M. (2016). How dark is dark? Bright lights, big city, racial profiling. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(2), 226-232.

The article investigates the case the frequencies of black driver being stopped in comparison to the non-blacks. The article involves using a shift in daytime saving time in developing a test for racial profiling by police. The test is also based on the visibility of the driver’s race and the distribution of traffic stops during the day and night. The test is done using location of streetlights in Syracuse sections , NY and the results are seen to be indicate cases of black drivers’ profiling. The specifications of the study  suggests that there is 15 % more chances that black drivers will be stopped during the day than in darkness. 

Katz, L. R. (2016). WHREN AT TWENTY: SYSTEMIC RACIAL BIAS AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM. Case Western Reserve Law Review, 66(4), 923-929

The article looks into the recent incidents of police street relations with the African –American communities and especially on the basis of recent killing of Tamir Rice and others .The article also provides an assessment of the available evidence including video of the boy and the toy boy he was playing with. The assessments suggest that such material evidence discredits the claim by police about the culprits attempt to save his life. Viewed against the 4^th Amendment, the author sees the actions of the law enforcement offices as selective enforcement which is against the constitution.

Henry, F., & Tator, C. (2011). Rejoinder to Satzewich and Shaffir on 'Racism versus Professionalism: Claims and Counter-claims about Racial Profiling'. Canadian Journal Of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 53(1), 65. doi:10.3138/cjccj.53.1.65

The article focuses on the critiquing the various qualitative studies that depend heavily on victims experiences on racial profiling. The authors suggest that the focus should be on policing subculture rather than claims. The article alludes to subculture of the police as providing a good environment for racism.

Milner, A. N., George, B. J., & Allison, D. B. (2016). Black and Hispanic men perceived to be large are at increased risk for police frisk, search, and force. PloS one, 11(1), e0147158.

 The article focuses on social justice and the differential treatment of various demographics in the criminal justice system. The study results shows that Hispanic and black me who are tall and heavy are more likely to be frisked and searched by police.

Cooper, H. L. (2015). War on Drugs Policing and Police Brutality. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(8/9), 1188-1194. doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1007669

The article aim at exploring the relationship between Wars on Drugs strategies of policing, the violence meted on black people in US and how the policing strategies have failed to reduce domestic drug activity at the street-level. The results show the mutual constitution of racism and policing in US and the policing strategies have provided an environment for police brutality against these minority group.

Coleman, S. (2005). Conflict of Interest and Police: An Unavoidable Problem. Criminal Justice Ethics, 24(2), 3-11.

The article addresses the issue of conflict of interest among the police officers and why this is mostly an unavoidable problem. The article also high lights the need for the police officers to inform their superiors of the existing conflict of interest while handling various cases and how to deal with it.

Higgins, G., Gabbidon, S., & Vito, G. (2010). Exploring the influence of race relations and public safety concerns on public support for racial profiling during traffic stops. International Journal Of Police Science & Management, 12(1), 12-22. doi:10.1350/ijps.2010.12.1.155

The article explores the issues of race relations and safety views on opinion in relation to racial profiling in various traffic stops. The results of the study shows that perceptions on race relations affected public opinion about racial profiling during traffic stops and but safety opinions did not affect the perception.

Ramirez, M. (2015). Racial Discrimination, Fear of Crime, and Variability in Blacks' Preferences for Punitive and Preventative Anti-crime Policies. Political Behavior, 37(2), 419. doi:10.1007/s11109-014-9285-1

The article involves an expansion of research on people’s opinion on crimes and uses data from a national survey among black Americans. The analysis shows the willingness for crime reduction and views on rampant racial discrimination while seeking justice.

Meares, T. L. (2017). THE PATH FORWARD: IMPROVING THE DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITY-POLICE RELATIONSHIPS TO ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES. Columbia Law Review, 117(5), 1355-1368.

The article describes the complex interrelationship between the police and the community, how they work as a safeguard against crime and why it is important to have information on crime. The article also provides a way forward in enhancing the police-community relationship.

Literature review

The perception that the minority groups are well represented in the police force enhance the confidence the minority group has on the police agency. Where individuals feel that they are not represented in the law enforcement, they hold low confidence in the police who are mandated to maintain law and order. The issue of racial profiling is present in police force considering that black and Hispanic community members are more likely to be stopped by police officers than those from white community. The above studies provide enough evidence to show the rampart case of discrimination in the criminal justice system against the poor and minority groups in the society. The cases of police brutality while dealing with crime such as drug peddling and abuse results to poor interrelationship with the community involved and this makes it hard for law enforces to effectively perform their duties. The injustices meted on the minority groups and the attempt to claim that the victims were armed goes against the individuals rights spelt out in the 4^th Amendment.  On the other hand, the issue of racial profiling should be studied and addressed from a wider perspective and hence include the role of police subculture and how it provide an environment for discrimination. Through such a consideration , it is possible to decipher the issue of conflict of interest especially when police officers are crime suspects and where the culture encourages their protection by colleagues.

Illegal drug use, illegal prostitution, and money laundering

Abstract

Adolescents and young adults represent a large percent of drug users. Illegal drug use results to adverse health effects and antisocial behaviors. Industrialized countries experience a high use of illegal drugs where young adults use and become addicted to alcohol and cannabis.  Social economic factors drive young adults toward the use of illegal drugs since they live a poor life due to lack of employment and job insecurity. Various researches and studies have found that illegal drug use is related with criminal activities. For example, drug use contributes to behaviors such as prostitution, domestic violence among many. Prostitution is also a big problem facing developed countries.  Prostitution is a sexual act where both men and women view the act as a sexual activity not only for pleasure but also for benefits in terms of cash and compensation. In modern society, young adults have engaged in antisocial behaviors of selling and buying their bodies for sexual purposes. However, prostitution is not a free choice but rather it is a coercion and lack of better options in life. Finally, money laundering is an illegal activity where criminals earn money by illegal means and makes it to become legitimate assets. The activity itself it is a crime since criminals obtain money from illegal sources and conceals the sources making it appear genuine. Money laundering leads to microeconomic effects to the economy, political and financial stability.

Introduction

Money laundering, prostitution and illegal drugs are issues affecting the global community. Money laundering is an illegal activity where money is generated by illegal activities such drug sales, fraud and more. An important point to note is that money laundering is an activity where criminals have markets as well as demand and supply. Criminals supply legal money to support the illegal activities. First, criminals conduct tax evasion where legal transition is not linked with tax pay or in other words tax evasion is investment for economy. Other problem is illegal drug use where young people are the victims. Users engage in crimes such as shooting, drug trafficking and they end up being incarcerated. Prostitution is an activity which is rejected by modern societies and people involved in such an activities are seen like they are violating the social norms since they sell their bodies to make profit. However, women who are prostitutions lack an alternative and they prefer to sell their bodies to sustain life.  Men use women are sexual tools and they demand for sexual satisfaction. Other problem is illegal drug use which is a problem young people. Majority of adolescents have engaged in drug   use such as cannabis, tobacco among many for recreational use. However, the drugs are associated with adverse effects since majority end up committing crimes and others suffer from psychological effects. Illegal drugs, prostitution and money laundering are common issues in Western society and they have led to detrimental effects to the well-being and community.

Illegal drug use

In modern world, the use of illicit drug has increased in a higher rate and it has brought adverse consequences which affect the health, community and economy (Redonnet et al, 2012).  It is important to understand that illicit drug is non-medical drugs which are forbidden by international law. Example of illicit drugs include; cannabis, cocaine and other opioids.  Illegal drugs are associated with premature mortality though the level of mortality is measured with respect to the dose taken and route of administration. In other words, frequency and  use of high quantity increases the risk of mortality. According to WHO, use of illegal drug becomes harmful when the drug cause physical and psychological harm. In addition, drug dependence is characterized by a string desire to use an illegal drug, continuation in using drug despite adverse effects, withdraw syndrome and other indicators. Among the illegal drugs, cannabis is used by a large number of young adults in developed societies. According to Redonnte et al (2012), socioeconomic position is an indicator of high risk of drug use. The article states that a study conducted in France showed that young people who lacked employment were drug users. However, lack of employment may be contributed by low level of education   which is a path for poor social integration. In the study, it was found that 17years old adolescents had prevalence of drug abuse for 12 months as follows; young adults who abused tobacco were 29%, binge drink were 49% and cannabis users were 25% (Redonnet et al, 2012). In addition, even adolescents who had a higher level of education were involved in drug use due to low labor force.  Main findings from a commmuniuty sample in France showed that young adults were associated with tobacco smoke, alcohol use and cannabis use. An important point to note is that the factor which caused the high use of drugs is low socioeconomic position.

            According to various researches and studies, there is a possibility that users of illegal drugs will engage in criminal activities. Even though criminal activities are influenced by different factors such as social influence, antisocial personality, low educational attainment and more, the common risk factor which drives a person toward committing a crime is drug use.  Illegal substances force the users to commit different types of crime namely; psychopharmacological- crimes which are committed when the user is intoxicated or when the users are influenced by mental illness (Redonnet et al, 2012).The second type of crime is compulsive economic crime- a crime committed to access drug such as cocaine either through stealing or prostitution. The user develops a psychological dependency and the addiction forces the user to commit a crime. In addition, users are motivated to commit a crime by personality trait such as antisocial personality disorder which develops lack of ethics and deviate to social norms. Other point to note in antisocial personality disorder is that it is associated with disregard patterns which compel a person to deviate the social norms (Redonnet et al, 2012). In other words, drug use has detrimental effects to emotional and physical growth especially when the user is introduced to youth delinquency position-an environment where users develops antisocial behaviors.  Generally, drug users engage in criminal activities in multiple ways. For example, they engage in behaviors related with manufacturing illegal drugs and distribution. Users also change behaviors such as violation of laws, prostitution, theft and rape (Redonnet et al, 2012).

Illegal prostitution

 In U.S today, men, women and children have entered in the commercial sex industry where they sell and buy bodies with an aim of making money to sustain their lives. Prostitutes are also referred to as whores, harlots, sex workers and more. The act of buying and selling body is referred as illegal. Prostitution is also viewed with an insight of sexual exploitation where the act is seen as an old oppression where social forces are placed on victims (Jakobsson & Kotsadan, 2013). In addition, victims are seen as if they are unable to make an informed choices since majority are from socially disadvantaged community.

 According to MacKinnon, there is an incompatibility based on public thinking about trafficking and prostitution. Almost all people believe that trafficking is an illegal act where people use coercion and force to sell other people to be used as sexual tools. However, when it comes to prosecution,  majority believe that prostitution is an illegal act while others believe that prostitution (commercial sex worker) is  a profession where women and men have freedom  to do what they want with their bodies (MacKinn, 2011). However, MacKinnon does not support this idea since she believe that  prostitution cannot be called a profession since  a certain study showed that 89% of sexual workers said that they desire to leave the job and  do other constructive things which would  make a meaningful life. This is an indication that majority of sexual workers find themselves in such jobs due to coercion and financial instability. In other words, they lack other option and they are also unable to make an informed decision.  For example, women of the Nat caste are forced to enter ion the prostitution. Note that sexual workers do not choose for themselves but it is due to cultural variance. In addition, sexual workers cope with harsh conditions where they are expected to offer full satisfaction to customers and they also suffer from sexual transmitted diseases (MacKinn, 2011).  Other important point to note as MacKinnon puts it is that prostitution is influenced by gender inequality.  To support this idea, note that there are male and female prostitutions but when comparing both you will find that majority of sexual workers are females and they are treated as sexual objects by men. Despite the fact that some critics argue that prostitutes have the freedom to do what they want with their profession, MacKinnon argues that their freedom or consent is not an inward choice but rather it is coercion. In fact, customers (‘John’ as MacKinnon name them) are involved in an illegal act of raping when they commit the act with a prostitute. To address this problem, there should be an implementation of Sweden System for the purpose of criminalizing pimps and customers. This method is effective as it removes the inequality which exists between women and customers and more importantly releases women from the captivity of sex work (MacKinn, 2011).

Money laundering

 Money laundering  is a criminal  act which is encountered in both developed and developing nations where criminals introduced falsifying financial documents  from illegal activities such  illegal trade in drug, prostitutions  and more (Irwin, Choo & Liu, 2012). Money laundering has led to devastating effects to the national economy. Financial systems are experiencing insecurity due to illegal act in the purchase of property and illegal use of banking system.  Criminals in money laundering are interested with invetsiment so that they can recycle money from developed country to undeveloped country where economic policies are weak. Money laundering affects the economy since they are causing a regressive income which affects the structure of consumption (Irwin, Choo & Liu, 2012). Money laundering gives large funds which affects the demand which influences speculation and inflation. However, it is important to note that money laundering rooted from market globalization which led to financial flows and single markets. Note that globalization has led to an increase of competition where companies are competing for profit.  Financial markets established the deregulation which has put restrictions on anti-money laundering. Money laundering brings a huge amount of fund which makes a world economic output of 2%-5% (Irwin, Choo & Liu, 2012). Note that most of the fund is derived from drug trafficking, fraud among other organizes crimes. An important point to note is that money laundering is an activity which gives rise to criminal activities. This is because; criminals’ actions are needed for money laundering to occur. In other words, criminals conduct acts such as drug trafficking, terrorisms and other crimes to generate money. Indeed, criminals organize crimes which cause damage to society and economy. Societal damage leads to loss of civil liberties and economic damage affects the competitive powers (Irwin, Choo & Liu, 2012).

Since this is a global problem which affects the world economy, various regulatory measures have been passed to combat money laundering. One of the Acts passed to curb this issue is Anti-money laundering which involves laws and regulation which prohibits the criminal act of generating funds. The Financial Intelligent Unit is responsible in enforcing anti-money laundering laws. The department works together with   other law enforcement agencies in combating money laundering (ZELENOVIĆ, VUNJAK & MIROVIĆ, 2015). The department together with agencies is supposed to address the issue in regional and national levels and effectiveness is accomplished through provision of skills and knowledge from training workshops. Training will help the agencies to increase commitment and cooperation. The purpose of Anti-money laundering is to maintain integrity and instability to the economy prevent foreign investment and international capital flow (ZELENOVIĆ, VUNJAK & MIROVIĆ, 2015).

Conclusion

            The research has provided a deep knowledge on prostitution, illegal drug use and money laundering. These are issues which affects the worldwide and which need effective measures in order to prevent future problems. Issue which is associated with detrimental effect to worldwide communities is illegal use of drugs. Research has found that majority of users come from low socioeconomic background and effective measures should designed to address barriers which affects the marginalized group. Prostitution is an illegal act of engaging in sexual activities for the purpose of making money. MacKinnon has viewed the issue with a new perspective where she has stated that prostitution is not a free choice as people think. However, the act is influenced by coercion and to address this issue, effective measure such as the Sweden System which is designed to deal with pimps and customers should be implemented. Criminals use financial institutions to conduct the criminal act of money laundering. However, the problem is dealt with by implementing various measures. For example, Anti-money laundering is an effete measure since it established laws which prevent generating dirty money. AML is capable of providing effectiveness on cost and in the attainment of objectives.

Reference

Irwin, A. M., Choo, K. R., & Liu, L. (2012). An analysis of money laundering and terrorism financing

typologies. Journal Of Money Laundering Control, 15(1), 85-111.

doi:10.1108/13685201211194745

Redonnet B., Chollet A., Fombonne E., Bowes L., & Melchior M. (2012). Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and

other illegal drug use among young adults: The socioeconomic context. Drug and Alcohol

Dependence 121 (2012) 231– 239

MacKinn A. Catharine. (2011). Trafficking, Prostitution, and Inequality. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil

Liberties Law Review [Vol. 46

Jakobsson N., &  Kotsadan A.(2013). The law and economics of international sex slavery: prostitution

laws and trafficking for sexual exploitation. DOI 10.1007/s10657-011-9232-0

ZELENOVIĆ, V., VUNJAK, N., & MIROVIĆ, V. (2015). MONEY LAUNDERING IN SERBIA. Economic

Development / Ekonomiski Razvoj, 17(3), 347-366.

Styles of Policing

Watchman style is one of the styles used in policing. Under this method, the emphasis is on the maintenance of law and order with the use of the informal styles. The department involved with such methods is focused on resolving any disputes though not with the full force of the law. The sole intention is to ensure that there is peace in the community (Cox, 2015). With this method, the department could land into trouble with the authorities through having fewer resources to deal with the dangers involved.

 The legalistic method is one that puts more emphasis on any violation of the laws and mostly relies on any threats for arrests made or the actual arrests. This method is one that strictly ensures the laws are followed effectively and without failure. The department that falls under this law uses some form of single standards in its duties.

Service method puts all the emphasis on ensuring that the community is safe and also assisting the public to stay in a safe environment. The main focus of this method is not in the law enforcement but on the community wellness (Paoline III, 2014). The service style does not apply the formal way of dealing with an issue but works with an informal method of interacting with the community and other participants.

Out of the three methods, the best method is that of the service method. Service method is the best since it allows the sharing and getting to know what the groups are planning without raising an alarm. The informal method is good in uncovering secrets and other forms of injustices (Cox, 2015). After identifying the plans made by the groups, the law could now be used to ensure that the illegal and dangerous executions do not take place.

References

Cox, S. M. (2015). Introduction to policing. Sage Publications.

Paoline III, E. A. (2014). Police culture. In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 3577-3586). Springer New York.

Core Operational Strategies

Preventative Patrol

Preventative patrol is grounded on the idea that the presence of police within a given region discourages the occurrence of crime based on the universal public anxiety with their presence which results in crime reduction (Schmalleger, 2011). This strategy is, therefore, an effort to stop the occurrence of crime even prior to being implemented. This is a policing strategy utilized in most part particularly in America.

Routine Incident Response

This is an operational strategy that entails responses of police to daily events and occurrences that are in most cases bound to incorporate zero spiteful interests such as slight car accidents. The prime objective of the strategy is to reinstate order, create documentation for the events or even offer quick and reliable services to those that are tangled and might be harmed (Schmalleger, 2011).  This is categorized to be the second most utilized strategy by police. In that, it is dependent on the thought that having a rather authoritative, reliable, and quick response to issues despite them being minor is directly associated with public satisfaction (Schmalleger, 2011).

Emergency Response

Emergency responses are derived also applied in responding to progressing crimes, severe injuries, natural disturbances and any other circumstance that might have entangled humans and needs to be resolved (Schmalleger, 2011). The strategy is objected at deterring crime, intruding ongoing crimes, increase the general sensation of security and safety in general to the public and locate the police officers in more suitable position for quick responses to any rising emergency. Emergency responses might incorporate activities such as calling for the crimes that are still progressing, responding to traffic emergencies that incorporate severe injuries, natural disturbances that affect the public’s order and all the other situations that affect the wellness and the general operations of the public and therefore necessitates immediate solutions (Schmalleger, 2011).

Criminal Investigation

Investigations that are criminals based controls the media courtesies and interest but they are made of a reduced amount of police officer’s contribution. In that, the investigation entails discoveries, gathering, preparation, establishment, and presentation of proof in the determination of subjects surrounding the occurrence and those that are accountable (Schmalleger, 2011). The officers that respond to the situations offer assistance to those that might have been harmed and also objected at capturing suspicious individuals for further assessment. In addition, they are involved in the securing of the scenes to ensure that evidence is not destroyed while they perform introductory examination thoroughly (Schmalleger, 2011). Follow ups are some of the investigations that are grounded on solvability forces.

Problem Solving

This is a policing strategy that is objected at creating diverse solutions to the existing issues. The strategy mainly depends on the gathering knowledge that is related to the causes of existing issues (Schmalleger, 2011). This is then followed with solutions developments with direct collaboration with the public which is useful in offering insights that assist in getting those that are involved and some forces that might have triggered the occurrence. Further, the strategy necessitates responses that are developed and applied within an operative plan involved in the evaluation of progress in general (Schmalleger, 2011).

One Ancillary Service: Support Services

Support services facilitate the efficiency of operating policing operations in general. In that, this is ancillary services which include, training, communication, staffs, record making and keeping and stuff control which ensures a smooth operation of the agencies in general (Schmalleger, 2011). In short, as the term suggests supporting services and the activities and aspects that offer adequate support to police in carrying out its set responsibilities. Without the presence of these services such as staffs then it is impossible for efficiency to be achieved given that human resource account as being the most essential and influential aspect in achieving set goals and in being effective. The prime objective of support services is mainly to generate a balance amid the creation and the general intake that exists within the interconnected services that are related to policing operations (Palmiotto & Unnithan, 2011). 

Law Enforcement Agencies Utilize Operational Strategies to Achieve Crime Fighting Goals

Operational strategies are utilized as a form of action by the police rather than waiting for the occurrence of crimes and emergency needs. Patrol is still central to this operation where the goal is not to solve but to prevent crimes occurrences. The process involves the making of circular movements within a given location while observing and connecting with the public (Palmiotto & Unnithan, 2011). In other words, it is through the use of these strategies that the sensation of security is installed while trying to understand the surrounding and how it is related to crime occurrence. Police utilize the strategies by being strongly responsive to any emergencies or solving any progressing crimes adequately. In addition, this provides grounds through which investigations can be conducted thoroughly without failure. The strategies are not only effective in solving minor crimes but they are useful in stopping crimes and creating order adequately. In the long run, the objective of crime reduction is lowered in general (Palmiotto & Unnithan, 2011).

References

Frank J. Schmalleger. (2011). Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Test to the 21^st Century. Pearson Education.

Palmiotto, M., & Unnithan, N. P. (2011). Policing & society: A global approach. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.

Consequences of Rape

John is one kind of a kid who has a dark past and which in many cases will affect the future. Being the first born in a family of three, he is most definitely the role model of the smaller siblings who will do everything according to how he does and how it affects him and the family. Raping is one of the major offenses that should never at any one time be forgiven. It is dehumanizing, and an act of irresponsibility and the offenders should be punished severely (Peterson et al., 2017). Raping a colleague and in this case, a young girl is wrong, and the law should take its course and act accordingly. The victim in many cases will be affected and always traumatized by this actions, and so seriousness is required in the decisions made. Perpetrators in many cases are sentenced to life in prison, and this should be the kind of treatment done to everyone found defiling a lady or a young man (Siegel & Welsh, 2016). The law is very clear that any perpetrator should be handled with the right laws such as being given a ten years imprisonment. The Same case applies to any person who was around or contributed to the action taking place.

In case John is left scot free or tried in the juvenile court, there could be serious future issues in the society once he attains the age of 18 and above. In such a case, John will do everything possible to make sure that he assaults other girls once he is out. John has no father figure to advice and looks through as a role model, and therefore this could be the issue. Feeling the intense hatred to the females and wanting to do harm to them is the only solution he thinks of as revenge. At the age of 14, he has the capacity of raping another girl without fear of the law. Such acts should be taken very seriously since, in the future, he could be one dangerous man in the society (Peterson et al., 2017). Taking him to the juvenile courts where he can be corrected is very risky since he could refuse to change to be a better person. John is almost at the teenage stage which comes with a lot of influence, and this could be the biggest contributors to him not changing.

Looking at his past, he needs some medical attention such as the counseling but at the same time counseling could fail. The consequences of such an act could be deadly once he gets back to the community at 18 years of age. If he is taken to the adult’s court, he could suffer from being bullied by the adults there and so not a comfortable solution. However, John committed a crime that needs a lot of attention and a good punishment by the law (Siegel & Welsh, 2016). According to the law, there are penalties for persons who try to defend their action s with the past. The girl who was defiled by John will forever be traumatized by this event, and therefore there is the need to consider her view and feelings. John should face the law accordingly and serve a jail term to teach him the rule of law on what is right and wrong. The judge should consider the victim when giving a decision with regards to this case.

References

Peterson, C., DeGue, S., Florence, C., & Lokey, C. N. (2017). Lifetime economic burden of rape among US adults. American journal of preventive medicine, 52(6), 691-701.    

Siegel, L. J., & Welsh, B. C. (2016). Juvenile delinquency: The core. Nelson Education.

Consulting report on Immigration public policy

Introduction

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected and markets becomes more open to global business activities, organizations find themselves vulnerable to the occurrence in political business environment. Regardless of any transactions that the organizations carry out in the national and global markets, public policy formulation process will always have effects on the outcomes of business operations and the implementation of business strategies. Participation in public policy advocacy on immigration is important given that the workforce in our organizations includes big share of immigrants who have been taking up the various tasks that local employees are unwilling to undertake. Employees form a large part of success of the firm and any actions taken on public policy especially relating to the labor force is bound to affect their working environment and perception of the roles they have been allocated. The employees have to be informed if any advocacy actions undertaken by their organization given the role their play in performance. For the organization to effectively participate in public policy and influence the decisions made on immigration policy , it is important to  look into the internal capabilities that will enable passage of valuable information to the policy makers and others stakeholders of the business. The internal capabilities that can make it possible for the organization to engage policy decision makers and suppliers of information include value creation, communication process, business associations and resources. These capabilities needs be improved so that public policy on immigration can influence in way that will not affect the business environment and thereby the performance of the organization. This includes opportunities available for improving the above capabilities in order to be able to influence the actions of policy makers through advocacy.

Engagement in immigration policy is crucial to the organization since the business are bound to lose if  immigration policy  negatively affect employees that have filled the skill gaps and have undertaken those jobs that locals are unwilling to do. In fact, the organization is interested in finding effective policies and resources that will ensure that immigrant employees that form a crucial part of their workforce are integrated internally (Kerr, 2013). Apart from immigrants’ employees, there are many immigrant entrepreneurs who have improved the business environment through different innovations in various industries. The need for participating and monitoring policies on immigration is aimed at achieving a balance between benefits and cost that comes with immigrants. The immigrants are becoming an important driving force in the business environment through creation of intellectual property, new business and providing various skills to functions that local labor force is reluctant to take (Kerr, 2013).

Research has shown that immigrants play a major role in ensuring the vibrancy of the economy development and a rich cultural life (Kerr, 2013). This outlines the need for the organization to utilize the available capabilities in ensuring that policy decisions made by policy makers will not interfere with the business operations and the market in general (Healy, 2014). The benefits stemming from immigrant’s arrivals in form of entrepreneurship and innovation are many and quite visible. While the involved costs are not zero, such  impacts pale when compared to contributions brought by the brain gain. The organization management should therefore, embark on utilizing the available capabilities to maintain such benefits through influencing the decision making process of policy makers at the local and national level.

Value creation is an important capability that can serve as a basis of participating in public policy formulation in the formulation process. Value creation and the need for its maintenance are major factors that can drive the decision on strategic immigration policy formulation (Oliver & Holzinger, 2008). The organization may peg the participation in the immigration policy to the need for creating and maintaining the value of the firm and especially given that the organization is large and therefore, depends on the prevailing political environment and the political aspect of immigration policy becomes become of specific salient. Immigrants play a major role in value creation of the company and its performance and letting the policy makers see their contribution can go a long way in influencing their decisions on immigration policy. To achieve this, the organization will have to develop strategies that are politically compliant so that actions undertaken by management will create good relations with policy makers.

Value creation can be created through conforming to the present expectations and requirements on immigration policy and adapting that policy. The firm can adapt strategies that have political influence and undertaking actions that aim at mobilizing the support for the interest of the whole organizations and its employees. Compliance to policy can help in influencing political behavior and in turn, prepares the ground for political strategies that are more proactive (Oliver & Holzinger, 2008). This will create a positive relationship with the legislative institutions and thereby ensure that immigration policies adopted to not interfere with creation of value and its maintenance. The organization will create a platform where it can emphasize the role benefits arising from integration of immigrants into the work place through innovations and entrepreneurship activities that creates positive change in the market place.

Effective communication is an internal capability whose role in creating positive political relationships cannot be underestimated. Communication involves delivering the right information on immigration policy to the stakeholders in the policy formulation process. Communication with various government staffers especially those in the government agencies can help in creating a rapport that will in turn create an environment that allows organizational participation (Healy, 2014). Through the existing communication channel, the organization can provide information that is valuable to regulators and law makers, and especially relating to immigrants contribution to innovation and the vibrancy of the economy. The communication process involving a team chosen to handle the policy advocacy issues can help in building relations with employees of elected officials and using that platform to convey their view on the immigration policy.

 Effective communication process will help informing to employees on the need to take part in the public policy on those issues that are likely to affect the operations of the organization, in this case the immigrant employees whose performance is undisputed. Communication is both informal and low-level and regular so as to provide information to policy makers and receiving their views on any suggestions (Healy, 2014). This process is the most effective in finding out those issues that are being discussed by government agencies and lawmakers and which relate to the immigrant policies. Effective communication process may be used as a proactive strategy for an organization to identify policy issues which have not been widely known and in seeking feedback through established relationships. An organization is able to assess the magnitude of the issues and thereby undertake research that will provide information for that can be used in early stage influence. The communication process involves following the media and press, utilizing the established relationships and monitoring activities of undertaken by government organizations. Monitoring involves constant communication with relevant departments and agencies tasked with implementation of immigration policy.

 The other capability involves the association with lobby groups that provides platform for advocating the issues affecting the immigrants and the need for the public policy that will not negatively affect them. When the other capabilities fail in delivering the intended results in influencing decision makers, group effort whose focus is influencing or changing the immigration policies can be adopted. A group effort can be very effective in influencing the provisions of public policy in a transparent manner (CIPE, n.d). The association with the lobby group will acts as a capability that will enable organization to make its position regarding the policy known to regulators, legislators and any other policy makers involved in the process (CIPE, n.d). Such association provides a capability for advocating for regional and national level policies that respects the role played by immigrants in value creation, innovation and market changes for the organization and the other industries. However, since this may involve opposition to the stand of government on immigration issues, it can be challenging but group effort can withstand such challenges. Since the public policies such as immigration policy affect the operations of any business and in turn the health the entire economy , the lobby group can exercise its civic obligation and right to make its stand on such issues . This association can serves as a capability that will ensure that the society benefits by influencing government agencies and law makers not to adopt policies that will hurt the gain brought about by the immigrants employees and entrepreneurs.

 Another important capability is the resources in the organization that comprises of physical resources and human capital. These capabilities can influence how technical information on immigration policies can affect the operations of the organization and other businesses at large. The physical resources provide the organization with the best expertise that can be used in evaluating the benefits and costs the current or proposed policies (Healy, 2014). Any public policy implemented always brings about unintended results that may affect the business environment in which an organization operates. The human capital can provide expertise on research on the consequences of the immigration policies currently in use or proposed ones in terms of costs and benefits. The information from such research can be a basis for the organization to advocate for reasonable policies on immigration so that the operations of the firm and the entire market are not affected.

 In addition, the human capital may be used to form a team that can be tasked with advocacy work and assessing the right political strategy that will be effective in ensuring that the organization gain a competitive edge in the advocacy market (Healy, 2014). Such a team can also provide a solution against the efforts of any advocate that are opposing the stand taken by the organization. The financial resources and other physical resources can be used in providing technical input that is valuable in the process of policy making (Healy, 2014). The resources may also be  used in informing government enforcement agencies and other policy makers by providing them with relevant information regarding the impact of the immigration policies and thereby enhancing the chances of policy makers considering the interests of the business. The regulation agency staffs and the lawmakers need in information about the degree of political interest in the policy and technical information relating to the impact of the policy.

Opportunities for improving the capabilities

Value creation

The capabilities for influencing the immigration public policy can be very effective if efforts are directed towards exploiting opportunities that will improve participation in public policy process. These opportunities relate to the strategies that the organization can take where proactive or defensive to thwart changes that are unwanted in the political environment. Value creation as a capability of the organization present an opportunity for informing law makers and  staff in enforcement agencies of the role played by immigrants employees in enhancing organization’s performance through innovation and the positive outlook of the market (Oliver & Holzinger,  2008). For instance, the firm may take the opportunity provided by high performing immigrants on specific tasks to influence law makers to abolish policies that prevent the successful integration of immigrants into the workforce. The hope in this case is that the organization will manage to gain more from the brain gain brought by the immigrants into the workforce and thereby improving value creation. In this case, the possibility of greater value to the firm provides the motivation required to for the organization to undertake a political action.

 There is also an opportunity for the organization to lobby the government agency to acknowledge the fact that immigrant workers increase value business performance and the market. Firms can be motivated to participate in public policy process and hence, engage in political environment so as to maintain value and this serves a strategic purpose. Value creation serves as s strategic capability that provides an opportunity for an organization to lobby government against policies that are likely to take away its market advantage in the industry (Oliver & Holzinger, 2008). In addition, the organization can adopt a political strategy that influences the government to implement immigration policies that will  ensure that it can hire immigrants to fill in skill-gaps for those operations that local workforce is not willing to undertake due to nature of work or rate of wages . If the organization is able to use this opportunity well, it can create an environment that will allow for integration of immigrants into the work places not only in its workforce but the entire labor market.

Improving communication process

Effective communication provides an opportunity for dialogue between the organization, law makers and agencies tasked with enforcing immigration policies. Communication is a tool that can be used to build relationship with policy makers and this relationship can create a platform for dialogue. Dialogue provides considerable improvement in participation in public policy process whether such process is purely technocratic or closed (Bettcher, 2011). The organization should seize this as an opportunity for offering its insights, validating policy proposals and creating a change momentum for the immigration policy. Dialogue is thus an opportunity for improving the communication process that provides support for participating in a policy making process that is informed.  Each side can have different reason for the dialogue, with the government aiming at cracking down on illegal immigrants while the business tries to retain its valuable human capital. As such the organization should use the opportunity to draw attention to the issues may have negative consequences, acquiring better representation in the process or securing support for streamlining immigration laws. Through dialogue, the business will manage to seek assistance from the government in improving a predictable labor market and business environment. If dialogue is effective, a mutual understanding will be achieved between the organization and policy makers and thereby addressing issues related to immigration policy and the transparency in implementing regulatory requirements in way that does not harm the business or the market (Bettcher, 2011). 

Communication through dialogue may include various steps which comprises of identification of key issues, understanding these issues, formulation of policy on the basis of evidence, reaching the relevant staffs in government and monitoring the progress. Dialogue involves identifying those issues coming from all the organization and other stakeholders and prioritizing on issues that are to be addressed (Bettcher, 2011). The immigration policy will, therefore, be addressed based on those issues that may affect the interest of the business and the public at large.

Improving communication process

Figure i.  Improving communication process

Understanding the relevant issues may require the organization to carry out a research on immigration and drawing logical conclusions that will form a basis of internal consensus development. After the research has been done and conclusions made, the objective evidence is presented to government staffs or lawmakers and then providing a compelling argument for the position that the organization takes on immigration issues. Through this, the organization will be able influence the relevant individuals and hence the immigration policy. After the policy makers have agreed on the stand taken by the organization, effort should be focused towards monitoring the progress so that decision makers can be held accountable. Dialogue improves communication since the organization can continue pushing for any new legislation and abolishment of previous policy in immigration is taken through the process (Bettcher, 2011). In this case, the organization can appreciate the success and the same time ensures that encouraging continuous action by using the media or press release.

 Promoting these changes in communication can be done through continuous engagement with the involved parties so that no action taken will deviate from the discussed issues. The opportunity for dialogue should include actual evidence on how immigration policies affect organization performance and the entire market. The changes should not be limited to the national policy making process but should include policy makers at the global level as the organization expands to new markets. The firm can persuade the government agencies and law makers on how much immigration policies affect not only its performance but the entire market and the society.

Building coalition

The association with lobby groups presents an opportunity for building effective coalitions with other global organizations.  A coalition is an effective way of having more individuals and organizations to support the stance taken on any policy issues (CIPE, n.d). The strength to influence the public policy process can be achieved through numbers since more parties favoring a stance on immigration policy will increase the likelihood of policymakers paying attention. The opportunity represented here is an improvement on credibility of the immigration policy advocacy efforts. The coalition is very important especially where dialogue has failed to bear fruits and the policy makers are reluctant to adopt a given regulatory change or policy.

Figure ii. Coalition building

This change can be implemented using the information that has been gathered on immigration policy to get other organizations’ leaders to take the same position. This would involve organizing a meeting with key leaders where they will outline the extent to which they are willing to commit the activities to be undertaken (CIPE, n.d). For successful lobbying of other firms, there is a need to give enough notice to willing members of the immigration issues so that they can take part. In addition, seeking the support of others who are not willing to be part of the coalition will be essential.

Resources capability

The opportunity present by the resources for improving public policy publication involves continuous engagement with policy makers to ensure that management is on top of any development. This involves development of a corporate policy or revision of the current one that relates to sponsoring foreign workers that have been affected by any immigration policy. The changes can be facilitated by sponsoring foreign workers that are highly valued in the firm to participate various actions such as litigations with an aim of challenging the immigration policies in a court. This will ensure that organization is not forced to terminate valuable employees if the immigration policy requires it. The resources including human capital should be directed at ensuring that immigration policies are adopted after the participation of all the stakeholders.

References

Healy, R. (2014). Corporate political behavior: Why corporations do what they do in politics. Routledge. 230-235

Kerr, W. R. (2013). US high-skilled immigration, innovation, and entrepreneurship: Empirical approaches and evidence (No. w19377). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Oliver, C., & Holzinger, I. (2008). The effectiveness of strategic political management: A dynamic capabilities framework. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 496-520.

Bettcher K., (2011).Making the Most of Public-Private Dialogue: An Advocacy Approach. Retrieved from: http://www.cipe.org/publications/detail/making-most-public-private-dialogue-advocacy-approach

CIPE, (n.d). How to Advocate Effectively: A Guidebook for Business Associations Center for International Private Enterprise. Retrieved from: http://www.cipe.org/sites/default/files/publication-docs/advocacyguidebook_english.pdf

Nonfiction book review

Just Mercy: ‘A Story of Justice and Redemption’ by Bryan Stevenson

Review: Injustice in the criminal justice system and the need for reform.

Audience: Criminal justice officials

Introduction

 ‘Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption’ is a nonfiction book written by a young African American man known as Bryan Stevenson.  He is a prominent lawyer who shows a public interest in helping the incarcerated and the underprivileged people. The author is interested   in social justice and elimination of racial bias which is the root cause of injustice. He presents evidence of inequality in U.S legal system by giving account of his clients. Stevenson   lived in a community which was racially segregated and the people in this community were also marginalized.  In this book, the author presents compelling stories which clearly shows how people were marginalized and excluded and the root cause of this was inequality in the criminal justice system.  When writing the book, the author employs skill and compassion and emotion to allow the readers see the injustice and ineffectiveness of U.S criminal justice system and the need for reform.  In addition, the author allows the audiences follow the implemented legal practice and maximize equal justice. I agree with the author’s real fact that U.S criminal justice system is inefficient and racist, and this is not debatable issue. The purpose of this review is to allow the audiences reflect on mass incarceration and the negative impact of injustice on people’s life.   

In order to bring change in social justice, the criminal justice system should understand the importance of mercy and justice to the well-being of the people. In writing the book, the author was motivated and influenced by a lesson he learned from his grandmother that “You can’t understand most of the important things from a distance…You have to get close (Stevenson, 14).  In understanding the important things, he was interested in exploring the well-being of people as much as injustice is concerned. His effort to go deeper to explore the injustice, he came to understand that underprivileged and marginalized people were treated unfairly on criminals issues. When we read the book, we find a great mass incarceration and extreme punishment   and the process taken does not follow the legal practice. In other words, people were being incarcerated without fairness and the purpose of the author in writing this book is to fight with this unfairness and follow the legal procedure in prosecuting and incarcerating. For example, the author says that  the rate of imprisonment has increased in a dramatic rate from 1970s up to today  where  prisons  were 300, 000 and now they are 2.3million respectively (Stevenson, 14).  Other change that has occurred is that in 2001, among 15born babies, 1 person will be imprisoned and among 3born black babies, 1 person will be imprisoned in 21^st century. The root cause of this problem is poor criminal justice laws. The laws do not different between children and adults and this means that they end up addressing children cases like adults and the life sentence is imposed on them without parole (Stevenson, 16).

Through understanding the mass incarceration and its cost, the author says that there is sense of hope.  It is true that reformation is needed in order to prevent future suffering of the innocent people. For instance, the case of a black man namely Walter McMullian shows the unreliable verdicts which underprivileged people experienced. McMullian was in relationship with a white woman but later he was wrongly charged for rapist (Stevenson, 19). To address the challenges which poor people, disfavored and incarcerated face without fairness, justice should be a key element.  In prisons, children were mistreated and their cases were being addressed as adults. Women also faced similar challenges and their condition has deteriorated since the number of women being imprisoned has increased by higher percent.  Mentally disabled people   have also been mistreated despite their condition. These accounts shows that the criminal justice system is not fare when addressing criminal cases. There is a systemic bias since there a high rate of racial minority (Stevenson, 20).  The account tells that the criminal justice system is controlled by systematic discrimination and the root cause of this is bias against certain groups.  In addition, there is institutional discrimination where there are disparities on race and ethnicity. Contextual discrimination is also noticeable where different circumstances.  Profiling and stereotyping increases mass incarceration due to the fact that the system addresses the cases by looking on conditions and behaviors of the offender. In addition, the system uses the perception that a particular social group is a threat to the society (Vegh, 9). Stereotype makes the criminal justice officials omit some steps in investigating the crime since they believe that certain group is always involved in a crime.  For example, stereotype   makes the officials believe that African Americans are involved in drugs and crime and this result to false investigations in addressing crimes (Vegh, 12).

 U.S criminal justice system is characterized with malfeasance and racism but Stevenson has shown his effort in reforming it.  He has implemented the best measures to ensure that innocent people are not biased when it comes to criminal cases.  He has ensured the abolishment of parole and the offenders are provided with education and other assistance (Stevenson, 242).  There are implemented policies which need to be followed in addressing criminal cases.  Stevenson states that people should have compassion in order to fight mistreatment, fear, anger and corruption.  In addition, people should understand the effect of mass incarceration and this will help them seek mercy, justice and unmerited grace. Other thing that people should understand is that fairness and equality is not shown through treating the rich and the privileged in a positive manner (Stevenson, 243). However, fairness and equality is treating the disfavored and underprivileged   in the right way.   

In supporting Stevenson’s ideas, Vegh (2017) adds that America has progressed well on issues regarding the right to vote, right for employment and right for public accommodation.  Minorities have control in public and private settings and they enjoy the economic and educational benefits like natives. However, a big problem is noticed in the criminal justice system and the root cause of the problem is racial inequality since when imposing criminal laws minorities are biased.  From 1964 to 1968, the Congress has passed various Acts but it has not touched on issues regarding the equality in criminal justice system. One thing that the agencies in criminal system do not know is that democracy is made by ensuring fairness and equity in criminal justice system (Vegh, 12). Through equality, people from black and white communities will receive equal treatment and agencies will conduct ‘fair play’. In addition, democracy means that criminal justice system should be controlled by equality and equity in addressing social justice issues (Vegh, 18).  However, fairness and equality cannot be achieved if there is no transparency in investigation process, prosecution and punishment. Currently, the criminal justice system is controlled by unequal treatment and Black people are victims of unfair treatment in every stage.  Innocent and guilty Blacks face racial disparities simply because of race or ethnicity. The mistreatment is the root cause of mass incarceration where majority are minority group (Vegh, 27).  There is a colored problem in the criminal justice system and disproportionate minority contact which affects the life of minority.

Conclusion

Stevenson states that technology, design and intellect are not important to the society but the important thing is showing justice and equality to the poor and incarcerated people. In his career, Stevenson has addressed cases on people imposed death row and children who are mistreated.  He has dealt with mentally disabled people whose rights are unmet.  Stevenson has come across cases where innocent people face death threat without evidence of crime.  In evaluating this book, the pain point which comes out apparently is that the criminal justice system treat minority unfairly and the root cause of unfairness is racial bias.  However, with the Equal Justice Initiative, the criminal justice system will be reformed especially on racial inequality.  The system should forget about racial terrorism era and focus on civil right era where everyone will gain opportunity to enjoy rights.  In 21^st century, among 3born black babies, 1 will be imprisoned. To eliminate racial inequality, corruption and poverty, the criminal justice system should apply equality and justice in addressing crime.

Reference

Vegh, Weis V. Marxism and Criminology: A History of Criminal Selectivity. , 2017. BRILL

Stevenson, Bryan.  Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption. , 2014. Print. Scribe

Publications

Policy Brief

Legalization of Marijuana

Overview

The legalization of Marijuana comes with both opportunities and drawbacks, based on how it is going to be used. The products of Marijuana also present a multifaceted range of socio-economic pros and cons. Crafting a legal framework to address the consequences, either good or bad, will be important in determining if the legalization is considered prosperous policy. The economy is deemed to grow at a very fast rate, due to the advantages of marijuana. This policy brief ascertains significant knowledge gaps which need to be looked at to ensure that the legalization of marijuana takes place in an evidence-centred environment.

Background

Marijuana is considered an illegal drug according to federal laws, thus being categorized as a Schedule I drug (meaning it is a high risk drug for abuse and it does not have any medicinal value), by most States and countries, and they have consequently termed it as illegal (Caulkins, Kilmer & Kleiman, 2016). More countries in the world are currently legalizing marijuana for medicinal purposes. In the US, more states have started legalizing the use of Marijuana, for medicinal purposes. Most countries only look at the negative sides of marijuana, thus making it illegal, ignoring the positive sides of marijuana makes it hard for such countries to see the positive side of marijuana (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). Adopting a legal framework to protect the abuse of drugs, will consequently help in the manufacture of pharmaceutical and other products. This policy brief therefore addresses the following questions: 1) After the legalization of marijuana, how will the public benefit, and of what benefit will it be to the economy of the country? 2) How can marijuana be regulated to ensure the rates of abuse do not rise? and its challenges.  

How did we get here?

            Public opinion over the legalization of marijuana has changed over the years, with most people citing that it should be legalized, due to the medicinal value which marijuana offers (Caulkins, Kilmer, & Kleiman, 2016). Over the years, governments have criticized the legalization of marijuana, since marijuana is associated with a lot health issues which have not been proven. For instance, in the 1996 when California shocked the country through the legalization of marijuana, less than a quarter of the state’s population supported the legalization of marijuana. However, as of the year 2016, more than 26 states in Columbia have legalized marijuana, calling it medical marijuana and not an illegal drug (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). In addition, 60% of United States’ population currently supports the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes. According to most people, the illegalization of marijuana has not helped the country in anyway, since a huge number of people have been incarcerated. In addition, the government spends a lot of money on countering marijuana trafficking in the country, thus affecting the growth of the economy.

            The public believes marijuana has medicinal values. Due to this belief, most people have resulted in supporting the legalization of marijuana, because it might be of help in the provision of curative medicines (Brownstein, 2016). This is a move which has seem most people shifting their views concerning marijuana, thus leading to the legalization of marijuana in more States in the US. On the other hand, judging from the states which have legalized the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes, the levels of marijuana abuse have not increased, neither have they gone out of hand. This consequently shows how the legalization marijuana is being termed as one of the worst drugs, and it can be used for medicinal purposes. The legalization of marijuana by more states is also a testimony that marijuana is good for medicinal purposes, and it has a lot of benefits, when used in the right way (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011).

Public Opinion On the Legalization go Marijuana

1). Benefits of the Legalization of Marijuana to the Public, and to the Economy

            Legalization of marijuana has a lot of benefits to the public and to the economy in general. Collection of taxes is likely to double, due to the sales of marijuana products, which are on high demand, since some most parts of the world have illegalized marijuana. For instance, in the years 2015 in Colorado, the sale of medical marijuana led to the collection of a total of $135 million in revenues (VanGeest, Johnson & Alemagno, 2017). This is however projected to increase, due to the increase in demand of medical marijuana all over the world. The public benefits fully from this, since the state will develop, more students will get college loans, hence improving the condition of the state of Colorado. This legalization therefore comes with a lot of benefits, since both the public and the state will be able to benefit fully from the sale of medicinal marijuana. The economy of the state will also grew, thus improving the economy of the United States (Brownstein, 2016).

            The standards of living will rise, due to the creation of jobs. Legalization of marijuana will require setting up of dispensaries and marijuana nurseries, where the marijuana plants will be grown. Due to the high demand of marijuana products, more employees will be required to work in marijuana dispensaries, in order to cater for the demand. Similarly, due to the high number of employees in the nurseries and dispensaries, the standards of living will rise. This will also help in the growth of the economy (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011).

            Legalization of marijuana will save the country $13.7 billion. The country has invested a lot of money to deal with the smuggling of marijuana. In as much as strict regulations and a lot of money is invested in dealing with the smuggling of marijuana into the country, nothing has changed (VanGeest, Johnson & Alemagno, 2017). More people tend to access marijuana easily, thus making the country to lose the war against smuggling of marijuana into the country. Legalization of marijuana will enable the country to deal with the smuggling issues, since marijuana will be easily accessible, thus bringing to an end the issue of smuggling. In addition, since the smuggling of drugs is done by drug cartels, it will be easier for the country to be able to weaken the cartels, hence making them more vulnerable than ever (Hudak, 2016).

            In order to deal with drug trafficking, the trade of drugs should be affected. The country can pose a challenge to the drug smugglers, through legalizing marijuana, since the demand of marijuana will drastically drop, thus making it hard for the smugglers to gain any profits from the business (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). This will consequently force them to stop smuggling marijuana into the country, hence save the country from investing a lot of money in that field. Similarly, the levels of incarcerated criminals due to the abuse of marijuana in the country will drastically drop (Hudak, 2016). Most people particularly the youths, tend to indulge in high risk behaviours, in order to explore, what they have never explored in their lives. Legalizing marijuana and terming it as a medicinal drug, will help in changing the public’s perception of marijuana, thus removing it from the list of high risk factors, a move which will discourage most people from abusing marijuana after its legalization.

Medicinal Marijuana                                                               

            Researches have confirmed that indeed marijuana is good for medicinal purposes. Marijuana is mostly taken in order to relieve pain, since it acts as a pain reliever (VanGeest, Johnson & Alemagno, 2017). It is effective mainly in reducing neuropathic pain, which results from nerve damage. Moreover, it is less addictive as compared to opiate drugs, thus offers no fatal overdose risk. Marijuana drugs can consequently be taken in large quantities without any effects on the body of an individual. Medicinal marijuana is also used in the production of Sativex, a medicinal version of marijuana. Sativex is approved in more than 25 countries all over the world, and is used for the treatment of painful muscle seizures which are caused by multiple sclerosis (Brownstein, 2016).

            Marijuana is prescribed to patients to induce appetite and stop nausea, particularly to people who have problems with eating (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). This drug is effective particularly to people suffering from AIDs, or those going through cancer treatment. Marijuana induces appetite, making such people to eat, in order to favour the intake of drugs by their bodies. Furthermore, people suffering from AIDs tend to be affected by nausea, making it hard for them to eat, thus affecting the intake of drugs into their bodies. Taking medicinal marijuana consequently helps in enabling such people to avoid the issues of not taking drugs in order to boost their immunity (Brownstein, 2016).

            Marijuana gets rid of epilepsy through reducing seizures. It is estimated that more than 90 families have relocated to Colorado, due to the access of marijuana products in the state, which is significant for plummeting annexations in epileptic children (Hudak, 2016). Due to the effects of the drug, most families have opted to move into the state, in order to relieve their children from such pain. It is consequently taken as an oil, because marijuana contains cannabidol (CBD), which leads to the reduction of violent seizures which are attributed to childhood epilepsy. In addition, in oil form, the drug is not intoxicating, thus reducing the effect of addiction related to the abuse of marijuana.

            Marijuana contains neuro-protective antioxidants which are responsible for dealing with stress related issues, and reducing brain inflammation. Cannabis consequently helps in the treatment of the disorder, through preventing the damage, hence enabling the inflammation to heal within a short period of time (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). Marijuana is therefore significant, as it helps the brain to repair itself in case of a concussion or a trauma. On the other hand, marijuana is also used as a post-traumatic stress disorder treatment (PTSD) particularly by soldiers in the frontline. Cannabis is responsible for relaxing the mind, through getting high, thus making a person to forget about past experiences, hence focusing on the future. Soldiers have consequently used marijuana which helps in relaxing their minds, making them to forget about their past experiences in the battlefield.

2) Regulation of Marijuana and its Challenges

            The legalization of marijuana comes with mixed blessings, which are attributed to the public perception (VanGeest, Johnson & Alemagno, 2017). Marijuana is only legalized for medicinal purposes, and not for the purposes of smoking. The perception of the legalization of marijuana may however change, since most people will tend to abuse the drug publicly. In order to enable the public to understand what the legalization of marijuana means, a proper message concerning the legalization of the drug should passed to the public, in order to create an understanding of legalizing marijuana (Hudak, 2016).

            Strict measures regarding the use of cannabis should be put in place. The abuse of cannabis should be regulated, through controlling the access of marijuana by the public. New laws should be put in place, protecting the access of marijuana by children. This law must be very effective, since things might get out of hand, if proper attention is not paid to the regulation of cannabis (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). Thirdly, the legalization should only be for medicinal purposes, and not for other purposes. This consequently means that cannabis should only be used in processed medicinal form, and not through smoking. The law must be very clear, thus allowing the public to understand the effects of abusing the drug, rather than using it for medicinal purposes (Brownstein, 2016).

            Measures of keeping profits from the hands of criminals should also be put in place. The government should take the authority of dealing with the business, and not through the privation of the business (VanGeest, Johnson & Alemagno, 2017). This move will reduce the chances of getting the business out of hand, hence making only public organizations to legally plant and manufacture medicinal products from marijuana. In addition, measures should also be put in place, in the transportation of medication of marijuana. Marijuana should only be transported in a certain form, in order to ensure criminals do not use the same means of transporting the drug (Hudak, 2016).

            Delay the age of use of medicinal marijuana. This is a means of reducing the access of medicinal drugs from the children, making them to only use medicinal marijuana after reaching a later age (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). This will consequently help in reduce the frequency of use of marijuana among children. Furthermore, since marijuana is deemed as an active drug as compared to other drugs, when children use the drug, they are most likely to use it frequently, due to the adverse effects which it has on the body. Regulating the ages will consequently help in reducing the prevalence of medicinal marijuana amongst children.

            Medical marijuana should only be sold in public pharmacies and in hospitals. This is a move which will be aimed at reducing the sale of unprocessed marijuana. Patients can only access medicinal marijuana from either a pharmacy or a hospital with a medical report from either a pharmacist or a medical doctor (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011). Medicinal marijuana should also be prescribed to the patient, thus allowing the patient to use it in the best way possible. Each and every medicinal marijuana should be tested by the government, before being allowed to be sold in the market. A standardization mark of quality should also be clearly visible on the product, thus ensuring no falsification of medical marijuana by criminals. All marijuana products should also be sold in specific pharmacies and hospitals, thus ensuring criminals do not get access of the drugs (Hudak, 2016).

            Discourage the abuse of marijuana, and encouraging the use of marijuana products. This move will help in allowing the public to focus only on using marijuana in medical form, and not through smoking (VanGeest, Johnson & Alemagno, 2017). This message should also be backed up by educating the public on the importance of using marijuana products for medicinal purposes and not abusing the drug. The country will consequently be able to change the public’s perception of the drug, thus making most people to shift from abusing marijuana, and instead focus on using marijuana for medicinal purposes (Brownstein, 2016).

Challenges of Regulating Marijuana

            Marijuana vendors are most likely to go against the rule of law particularly if the drug is on high demand (VanGeest, Johnson & Alemagno, 2017). Pharmacies are in the process of making profits, and due to the high demand of medicinal marijuana, the vendors will be forced to go against the law, in order to increase profits. In addition, vendors are also likely to be bought off by drug cartels, thus enabling the cartels to use licenced stores in selling unregulated marijuana products. This business is also likely to grow at a very first rate, due to the huge demand of unlicensed marijuana products in the market. The levels of marijuana will consequently be on the rise, thus making marijuana to be of negative effect to the society as opposed to being or positive impact to the public (Hudak, 2016).

            Marijuana farmers may also collude with drug cartels, who might use the legalization of marijuana as a platform to increasing their trade of marijuana in different parts of the country and the world in general. In most cases, drug cartels do not work as the key producers of drugs, instead they use licensed institutions in production, processing and transportation of drugs. Licenced farmers may therefore be used for the production and transportation of the drug, thus affecting the economy of the country through operating in a smart way. It is therefore very hard to regulate the legalization of marijuana, since the business may be taken over by drug cartels (Kleiman, Caulkins & Hawken, 2011).

Tax evasion is also a major problem which the government is likely to face. Most marijuana tend to give more caregivers the authority to plant marijuana on their behalf, thus leading to the evasion of tax, for instance, a single famer is supposed to have a maximum of five caregivers, but more caregivers are being allowed to grow marijuana (VanGeest, Johnson & Alemagno, 2017).

Recommendation

            These are a few steps which both the federal and state governments can put in place in ensuring the legalization of marijuana becomes a success in the country. The federal government in collaboration with state governments should ensure proper regulation of marijuana, thus impacting the country positively. Research should be conducted in order to come up with the possible challenges of legalizing marijuana. In addition, proper security frameworks should be put in place, thus ensuring the safety of the public. Potential threats to the production of marijuana should also be looked at carefully, thus enabling the production of marijuana to be done in the best way possible, without the alteration by criminals. The public health should be the first priority, hence the production of medical marijuana should be done in the best way possible. To address this research issue, the federal and state governments should consequently work together with the department of Agriculture, and the National Drug Control Department (NDCD) in ensuring the provision of insecticides which are certified and the legalization of the trade of marijuana by licensed vendors respectively. Proper communication between the federal, state government agricultural department and NDCD, thus ensuring proper distribution of marijuana products in the market.

Reference

Weintraub, S., Wood, D. R., & Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.). (2010). Cooperative Mexican-U.S. antinarcotics efforts. Washington, D.C: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Kleiman, M., Caulkins, J. P., & Hawken, A. (2011). Drugs and drug policy: What everyone needs to know. New York: Oxford University Press.

In VanGeest, J., In Johnson, T. P., & In Alemagno, S. A. (2017). Research methods in the study of substance abuse.

Hudak, J. (2016). Marijuana: A short history.

Caulkins, J. P., Kilmer, B., & Kleiman, M. (2016). Marijuana legalization: What everyone needs to know.

Brym, R. J., & Lie, J. (2010). Sociology: Your compass for a new world, the brief edition. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Nasem. (2017). Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Natl Academy Pr.

O'Rourke, B., & Byrd, S. M. (2011). Dealing death and drugs: The big business of dope in the U.S. and Mexico : an argument to end the prohibition of marijuana. El Paso, Tex: Cinco Puntos Press.

Brownstein, H. H. (2016). The handbook of drugs and society.

Schmidt, S. W., Shelley, M. C., & Bardes, B. A. (2017). American government and politics today.

President act on judiciary 

Presidential philosophies can affect the decision making by the judiciary in many ways. First, the judiciary must have a number of vacancies in order to fill out immediately they take control of the office. Possessing such a large number of the judiciary open will ensure that the president brings in his new members into the vacancies as a way of ensuring that the philosophy as a president will be passed on to the judicial part of the government. Secondly, the determination of the president to fill out the vacancies is very important to gauge the outcome (Russell, 2017). If the president and in this case the president of the united states does not take much interest in appointing his or her own people in the judiciary then the chances are that the influence on any decision will be very weak. It is very important to take much interest in making sure that the president has his people in the judiciary as they represent him in every way. The number of the vacancies available needs to always be big to accommodate as many as possible in the list.

The marriage act is one of the key issues that were addressed in the DOMA case. The Supreme Court termed the law which does not allow same sex marriage as unconstitutional making it legal to recognize same sex marriage. According to the Catholics, it is very wrong to have same sex marriage in the world. The court also termed it a violation of the Constitution in the case where the federal courts have been found to have no respect for the same sex married couples (Widiss, 2013). Also the issue of having the same sex marriage extended the benefits of a normal married couple such as the benefits and cover. Among the three issues, same sex marriage will have an impact in the future as there will be a society full of immorality and ungodly acts. The reason behind this is the bible does not recognize same sex marriage and therefore it is very wrong. 

References

Russell, D. (2017). Politicization in the Federal Judiciary and its Effect on the Federal Judicial Function.

Widiss, D. A. (2013). Leveling Up After DOMA.

Who has the Right of Disposition?

Browne L. (2016). The Ethical and Legal Consequences of Posthumous Reproduction: Arrogance, Avarice and Anguish: Taylor and Francis

This book basically talks about the disposition of dead human bodies, through providing the reasons as to why people may own property and decide what to do with it, and not dead human bodies. According to the author, when someone owns a property, then the person has total authority over that particular property. The person may therefore destroy the property without being questioned by anyone. However, when it comes to the disposition of a dead human body, nobody has the authority to dispose the body without following the rule of law. The law consequently provides the rights which a surviving relative has over the deceased, and these laws must be followed.

The relatives of a deceased relative have the right to choose the type of burial, either through earth burial or through cremation. This consequently allows the surviving relatives to be able to choose the best mode of burial, thus according their relative. Moreover, the law gives the surviving relatives the authority to arrange for a decent disposition. The author consequently acknowledges that the relatives of the deceased have the right of disposition according to the dictates of the law. However, the court has the total authority to limit the rights which the relatives of the deceased may have on the disposition of the dead body. Similarly, other states’ statutes may not allow the relatives of the deceased to dispose the body, hence one should abide. Dead human bodies can only be disposed according to the dictates of the law, which varies in different parts of the country. The task of disposing a dead human body is nonetheless given to the relatives of the deceased as a duty and not as a right.

Slocum, J., & Carlson, L. (2011). Final rights: Reclaiming the American way of death. Hinesburg, Vt: Upper Access.

This book is basically talking about the barriers put in place by the funeral industry, thus making families to pay for the disposition of their dead relatives. In addition, the book also speaks about reclaiming the old American way of burial, whereby the relatives of the deceased would take good care of the deceased, and send the body off in the best way possible. According to the author, the American way of life was not regulated in a very tough way, thus making it difficult for the relatives of the deceased to carry out a decent burial. This is due to the funeral laws which have been put in place, thus limiting the authority which the relatives of the deceased have. The relatives of the deceased are therefore forced to pay more, in order to receive services which they may not want.

The American way of burial requires the relatives of the deceased to take good care of the deceased before burial, and to also accord the deceased a decent burial according to his or her wishes. This is not however the case, since the law limits the relatives of the deceased from doing certain things such as from disposing the body, a move which is aimed at increasing burial expenses. According to the author, the mortuary attendants should only take care of the dead bodies through preservation, and not through disposition. Disposition of the body should be done by the relatives of the deceased, in order to give the deceased the best care which may be needed. In so doing, Americans will be able to reclaim their old ways of burial.

Aurora, P. (2013). The Law and Ethics of Medical Research: International Bioethics and Human Rights: Routledge.

This book focuses on the English common law, which states that there is no property in a corpse. The author therefore provides comparisons between the ownership of properties and assets, and a dead human body. According to the author, people have the legal right to do what they want with whatever they own, without any limitation. If a person owns a horse, then the person has the authority to slaughter, or even sell it when he or she feels like. In addition, if the horse dies, the owner decides the best method of disposing the animal, without being limited by anyone.  However, dead human bodies cannot be owned. The relatives of the deceased cannot and do not have the right to retain the body of the deceased according to their wish. The law requires whoever is in charge of the dead human body to dispose the body, failure to which the person will be charged. This consequently explains the English saying, as it provides the reasons as to why no one has the authority over a dead body.

According to the rule of law, a human body can never be a property, and it cannot therefore be owned. The law also provides that dead human body should be disposed by the relevant authorities mandated with the task of disposing the dead human bodies, as per the dictates of the rule of law. The dead human body should cannot therefore be owned, since its time in the world will be over, thus requiring to be disposed in the right way, by the relevant authorities. A human body cannot consequently be owned, but it can only be taken care of, through being disposed in the right way.

Wilkinson, T. M. (2011). Ethics and the acquisition of organs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

            The book talks about how Wills, and the dead are robbed off their wishes immediately after their death. According to Wilkinson, the requests of the dead through Wills written before their death are not being considered. After one passes on, then it becomes hard to control whatever it is in the world, be it intellectual property or own body parts. This consequently makes the body vulnerable to attacks without any form of resistance. The dead may not be accorded a decent burial according to their wishes, due to the laws regarding the disposition of dead human bodies. The laws are very strict, thus limiting the relatives of the deceased from carrying out such actions.

            Acquisition of organs from the deceased is a very critical issues. Most people do not allow the acquisition of organs from their bodies in their wills, this wish is however not granted, since the organs are usually acquired without considering whatever the wishes of the person were. This consequently explains how people are regarded immediately after their death, since most of their wishes are never granted. According to the author, respecting wills will have significant impacts, since the wishes of the dead will be granted, the relatives of the deceased will be equally do as per the dictates of the deceased, hence doing things in the right manner.

Charles A. C, Donna M. C. (2012). Death & Dying, Life & Living: Cengage Learning.

            This book focuses on the disposition of dead bodies, and who is mandated by the law to dispose a dead human body. According to the authors, states and local governments provide guidelines for disposition of dead human bodies. This is usually linked to recording important statistics, giving official permission for burial or different methods of disposition, thus limiting institutions handling human bodies from becoming sources of contamination. This is significant in protecting the spread of disease, through poor hygiene in such organizations. In addition, they also monitor the way cemeteries are handled, hence allowing proper burial processes.

            State statutes therefore provide a clear view on the way the dead human bodies should be handled, how they should be disposed, and who has the authority of disposing the body. This has consequently made most families not to be able to deal directly or to take care of their dead relatives, due to the strict laws limiting them. In addition, through these regulations, the dead can be taken good care, hence ensuring proper sanitation in mortuaries. The author therefore provides the reasons as to why the disposition of human bodies may be difficult, since the right data needs to be collected, thus making sure the burial processes are conducted in the right way, and the correct data concerning the dead is also collected. Most states consequently allow families of the deceased to conduct a burial, rather than the mortuary or cemetery attendants.

Reference

Browne L. (2016). The Ethical and Legal Consequences of Posthumous Reproduction: Arrogance, Avarice and Anguish: Taylor and Francis

Slocum, J., & Carlson, L. (2011). Final rights: Reclaiming the American way of death. Hinesburg, Vt: Upper Access.

Aurora, P. (2013). The Law and Ethics of Medical Research: International Bioethics and Human Rights: Routledge.

Wilkinson, T. M. (2011). Ethics and the acquisition of organs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Charles A. C, Donna M. C. (2012). Death & Dying, Life & Living: Cengage Learning.

Rape and sexual assault

According to Kovac & Trussell (2015), young women and men spend their leisure time in pubs and find it as a nightlife entertainment where they gain a sense of belonging, hedonic motivations and pleasure-seeking behavior. The article asserts that nightclubs develop hegemonic sexuality and young men present hyper masculine traits toward women where they engage in heterosexual games to show their masculinity. Women in this case are treated as sexual objects and people of low status by men. There is a nightclub culture which does not favor women but rather forces them to engage in unwanted sexual behaviors (Kovac & Trussell, 2015). Both young men and women find themselves in misogynistic-tolerant environment and women become victims of sexual assaults since alcohol acts as a ‘date-rape drug’. Up to this point, it is important to understand the victim precipitation in this scenario. Note that women become the victim of sexual assault in the nightclub culture. In other words, sexual assault is committed due to the interaction and reinforcement from victims and offenders. Gender difference is socially constructed through social interactions. For example, female gender is constructed in the nightclubs and the constructed gender plays a big role in developing hierarchical relations at macro and micro levels (Kovac & Trussell, 2015). The study in this article explores how feminine identities portray sexuality. The study finds that there are inherent paradoxes which show that nightclub develops relationship and increases the risk of violence. Women behaviors such as dancing, kissing and more in the nightclub give men a sexual power and create both extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. In this scenario, there is victim precipitation where women portray sexual behaviors through signs, gestures and more. These behaviors motivate the perpetrator to engage in sexual intercourse. It is clear that sexual assault happens simply because women shows provocative behaviors and increases victimization risk through developing high risk lifestyle (Kovac & Trussell, 2015).

Elliot, Mok & Briere  (2004) state that  sexual assault in women is high than men  since they  experience  about 13% and 25% in their life time while men experience 0.6% and 7.2%.This indicates that women are victims of sexual abuse  while men are the perpetrators. Women develop long-term effects from sexual assists such as low self-esteem, depression and more while men suffer from depression and hostility. Even though both men and women are victims of sexual assault, women are seen as the victims. Other point to understand   is that sexual assault is socially constructed since men are viewed as perpetrators and women are treated as sexual objects. Women suffer from psychosexual consequences which are associated with long-term effects (Elliot & Briere, 2004). Indeed, nonconsensual sexual experiences are regarded as sexual   assault with respect to legal aspects. To minimize the harmful effects which affect women, there should be protective factors and prevention strategies should be implemented.  Victims should be equipped with risk reduction techniques. Policies and social norms should be incorporated in the society to ensure that women and men have an awareness and positive attitude. It is also important to distinguish between real victims and victim precipitation through gathering evidence in order to address the cases effectively. Sexual assault for women is not effectively addressed and it is important to value the life of women and support them with all means including treatment and counseling (Elliot & Briere, 2004). In addition, cognitive behavioral programme is effective in healing the psychological damage.

Reference

Kovac, L. D., & Trussell, D. E. (2015). ‘Classy and Never Trashy’: Young Women's Experiences of

Nightclubs and the Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Leisure Sciences, 37(3), 195-209.

doi:10.1080/01490400.2014.986347

Elliott, D. M., Mok, D. S., & Briere, J. (2004). Adult Sexual Assault: Prevalence, Symptomatology, and Sex

Differences in the General Population. Journal Of Traumatic Stress, 17(3), 203-211.

SEX OFFENDER TYPES

Sexual violence is a big threat to individuals and communities and this has become an issue of concern in the criminal justice system. The act has devastating consequences and in order to create a safe society, adequate resources and comprehensive understanding of offense pattern and risk is required. There are various sex offender typologies and this case we will look at two types namely; adult male rapists and adult female sexual offenders. Adult male rapists are sex offenders and are classified into various categories namely; sadistic rapists, power rapists and anger rapists (Alexander, 2010). Sadistic rapists express aggressiveness and sexually abuse individuals with mental and physical problems with an aim of exerting sadist hostility. Power rapists exert power and control to gain sexual fantasy over the victim. He is motivated to express dominance to the victim and he expresses sexual needs through aggression. Anger rapist aims to express the angry emotions and he is motivated to cause harm to the victim. He holds negative attitude and believes that he must cause harm to women due to real injustices. In generally, adult male rapists have nonsexual needs and they are controlled by sexually assaultive behaviors.  Alexander (2010) adds that adult male rapists are compensatory which means that rapist express minimal aggressive with an aim of sexual fantasies. Last, Opportunistic rapists are driven by non-sexual needs while committing other crimes.

 The second type of sexual offender is adult female sex offenders.  Research on female sexual offenders  shown that  female offenders is characterized into  heterosexual nurturer  and this happens when women  are involved in care-taking role and  rape young teenage males (Johansson-Love & Fremouw, 2009). Second is non-criminal homosexual where women collaborate in female-male sexual abuse. Third is female sexual predator where women selects male victims and abuses them.  Women are also involved in child exploiters where offenders are approximately 28years and abuses little children aged 11years. Homosexual criminal is also done by women where they force young girls to engage in sexual behaviors for financial gain (Johansson-Love & Fremouw, 2009).

            According to Durling (2006), communities have been using residency restrictions and this has not been the best method for risk management. However, there should be other strategies other than restrictions in order to protect the community. In this case, Adult male rapists and adult female rapists are sex offenders which need to be addressed through risk assessment criteria. In this case, it is the role of criminal justice system to evaluate the offence, prior crimes and future risk (Durling, 2006). This will help to come up with restrictive measures. Note that legislators will evaluate offenses with great risk and which is likely to be reoffended. Through this type of evaluation, judges will impose more restrictions and longer prison sentences to high-risk offenders.  The second strategy in addressing both sex offenders is indeterminate sentencing. This means that the criminal justice system should impose more restrictive controls by evaluating high-risk and low-risk offenders to proving long-term and short-term incarceration (Durling, 2006). Criminal justice system should also create reentry courts where sex offenders   will gain management practices. Offenders will be reformed through treatment and adhering to polygraph testing.

Reference

Alexander, R. (2010). Collaborative supervision strategies for sex offender community

management. Federal Probation, 74(2), 16–19. Retrieved

from http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=55064327&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Durling, C. (2006). Never going home: Does it make us safer? Does it make sense? Sex offenders,

residency restrictions, and reforming risk management law. Journal of Criminal Law&

Criminology, 97(1), 317–3 63. Retrieved from

http://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=24209614&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Johansson-Love, J., &Fremouw, W. (2009). Female sex offenders: A controlled comparison of offender

and victim/crime characteristics. Journal of Family Violence, 24(6), 367–376.
Retrieved from Walden library using the Academic Search Complete database.