American history based on Native Americans and European settlers

Introduction

The American history from 1865 to 1918 shows industrialization rise and the results of immigration in America. Native Americans stayed in America long before European settlers arrived. There were many tribes which came from Asia. They crossed the border and came to live in America and became the Native Americans. Settlement of European settlers meant displacement of the native tribes. Conflicts began there between the natives and settlers. The Native Americans were hunters and gatherers where their history is well known by oral traditions. Conflicts became intense since Europeans displaced the natives forcing them to adapt their culture and made them abandon theirs. The natives’ culture was different from the culture of these settlers who advocated for Christianity. The natives practiced hunting, gathering and crop cultivation in order to earn a living. Land was owned communally where the immigrants advocated for change of that naïve culture. They came up with policies such that land would be owned individually where respect of ones property existed.

Indigenous people who lived in the local area

Europeans arrived in America especially in North Africa where they thought that they were in India and named the local people Indians. The name stuck and is still used even in today’s history. The Europeans settlement caused discomfort to the local people since the Europeans came to displace them in the name of exploration and advancement. Some of the local communities interacted well with the Europeans and adapted their living styles while some communities resisted the Europeans settlement (Barkan, 2013). Some of the displacement indigenous communities opted to preserve their traditional culture and decided to areas which Europeans did not want to settle. Native Indians stated declining when Europeans arrived. European came with dangerous diseases which affected the local communities and made them decrease in numbers. This was a good opportunity for settlers since they settled in such fertile lands when the natives died. Most of the native Indians suffered malnutrition and later death since their immune systems were not strong compared to those of settlers (Barkan, 2013). The communities were hunters and gathers while some practiced farming. Some people were efficient fishermen. They build their houses with the materials available in those territories since they were mainly nomadic (Barkan, 2013). They built temporally houses .the materials included dried animal skins, dried bricks and other materials depending on the area they settled. The settlers took the fertile farms and ended the culture of hunting. The white settlers grew in large numbers which made them move away from the coast and forced natives in the eastern part o f the country to move to unfertile lands in the west. Europeans displaced the plain Indians from their fertile eastern lands forcing them to settle in the parts they did not like (Barkan, 2013).

The white settlers brought horses to the country from Europe which contributed to increase in the number of horses especially among the native Indians. The horses made movement possible among the Native Indians in the plains where they used to hunt buffalos which were in large numbers there. These communities were hunters and gatherers which made it possible for them to get enough food together with clothing (Barkan, 2013). Most of the families decided to give up farming and relied on hunting buffalos in order to meet their economical needs as well as food. The communities lived a pastoralist and nomadic life where they moved from one place to another following buffalo herds found in the plains. The communities lived peacefully until the white settlers interrupted the peace by displacing them and disrespecting their cultures and traditions. In 1876, the American government displaced them forcing them to live in reserves (Barkan, 2013). They practiced traditional religion and believed in a supernatural being before the Europeans invaded them and forcefully made them abandon their culture, language and religion and join Christianity which was considered modern (Barkan, 2013). The husbands’ practiced hunting while the wives cooked food and took care of homes and children. Wives remained submissive to their husbands and respected the husbands. This made them exist in peace since the relationship was considered part of the cultural duty.

Discuss the first European explorers and settlers and how they interacted with the indigenous people. Why did the settlement mushroom into a major town?

It is believed that the first European explorers to reach America were Columbus. The main reason for settling at this location is that they were searching gold, silk, silvers and other valuable minerals. In addition, they were looking for new area to declare as their land. The Native America who introduced them to some of the Europeans potatoes, tobacco, vegetables and corns welcomed the first European explorers and settlers. On the other hand, the European explorers introduced these natives American to some of the European’s practices (Lyons, 2008). For instance, they exposed them to some of the new diseases such as smallpox, measles that were killing many of these Native Americans (Dent, 1995). They also introduced them use of guns and horses during wartime. The European Explorers and settlers interacted with the indigenous people first in a friendly manner. For instance, they brought them different types of foods and animals. They introduced them to some items such as tea and coffees. It is argued that the early settlers and explorers had influenced the indigenous people in different ways. For instance, they had devastating impacts on their land and they brought different cultures and religions into this country (Lyons, 2008).

In other words, the early European and explorers exposed these people to different things that they could not be in a position to know without them. For example, they introduced them to new diseases that were killing the Indigenous people. These may include measles and smallpox. It is believed that the European explorers and settlers had negative and positive impacts on the lives of the indigenous (Lyons, 2008). This is due to the fact that they changed their way of living by introducing them to agriculture. In relation to this, they changed their lives of prospect generations, forever. This is because of the fact that they exposed them to different things that they were not aware of when the first European explorers and settlers had not settled in America. Vasco dag Gama is also known as the earliest European explorers (Dent, 1995). He arrived in American in 1498. His main aim was to find a water way to Asia. This was his main achievement during his exploration as he discovered a water route to Asia and brought back some of the collection of spice and jewels that encouraged further research or exploration (Lyons, 2008). It is believed that the first European explorers were the first people to introduce to the gospel or the word of God to the indigenous (Lyons, 2008). This means that they changed their beliefs. The reason why they settled in mushroom settlement or a major town is the fact that they wanted to spread the word of Christianity. It is believed that missionaries who changed the lives of indigenous or native people accompanied the first European explorers. This is due to the fact that they introduced to them the word of God and spread it all over the country. Thus, there was need for them to settle in a major town in order to spread the word of God and make the non-believers know about Christianity.

Discuss how the area was affected by major historical events such as the American Revolution, Slavery, Immigration, Westward Expansion and the Civil War

Westward Expansion refers to the time when people started moving to the west of the entire country. This is because they were finding different ways of making the territories a state. In relation to this, they were finding a certain number of people who will become a member of the state. Most of the settlers were migrating to westward and this led to the rapid expansion of this place (Lyons, 2008). It is believed that most of the indigenous people who were located in westward were greatly influenced by the new settlers as they changed their way of lives. The area was also influenced by other historical events such as American Revolution. It is argued that the American Revolution had diverse effects on the political, social and economic parts of the indigenous people (Lyons, 2008). This is due to the fact that they allowed women to divorce their wife and gain some rights that will help them in future. Although slavery created different economic opportunities, it also led to some of the undesirable impacts on the lives of the indigenous people. For instance, it led to conflicts between the black Americans and White people (Lyons, 2008). They also mistreated the Native Americans. Large number of immigrants dominated the area. The immigration has various impacts, as there was increase of crimes and other unethical behaviours. It is believed that slavery led to many undesirable impacts as it left scars on black societies. Civil war was another historical event that affected the lives of the indigenous people (Lyons, 2008). For instance, it led to some of the known movements that were protecting the rights of these people. From the above point of view, it can be seen that some of the historical events had different effects on the lives of the indigenous people.

Ethnic origins of the Europeans that came to the area

Europeans were different from the native Indians in all aspects of life. Native Indians settled in America long time before the Europeans which brought conflicts when the white settlers appeared. The native Indians had considered that to be their land and were reluctant to let go. This brought conflicts and clashes between the two major groups. The history of the natives was oral and did not have written records unlike the Europeans. The settlers and the natives did not share anything in common right from language, religion and cultural beliefs. The Europeans culture was modern and advanced unlike the traditional culture of the natives. Most European groups shared common culture, religion, language and social behaviors (Stobaugh, 2012). Most Europeans had already developed weapons unlike the natives who fought using knives. Most of the natives did not resist and instead moved away to give space to the settlers who disrespected their traditional culture and forced them to adapt to their own. Europeans mode of thinking was different from the natives (Stobaugh, 2012).Europeans believed they were a superior race compared to the native Indians since they were more advanced technologically. Europeans lived in mansions which were permanent houses. They had good clothes; good and powerful weapons as well as their appearance intimidated the local communities who considered them as superior. Europeans were more educated thus were able to read and write compared to the natives. They regarded themselves as people of social high classes and intelligent people (Stobaugh, 2012). Europeans were educated people who believed in Christianity and believed that their faith was the only true faith. They believed that non Christians were all heathens. The fact that they believed Indians were non believers made them force them in to Christianity and eventually taking their native lands (Stobaugh, 2012). Christianity involved belief in God but the settlers did not practice what was written in the bible. They converted the Indians and killed those who refused Christianity by basing their argument to the bible. Most of the natives remained submissive to Europeans and accepted to be converted as well as their land taken away. Most Indians became slaves in their own lands through being subjected to slavery by the explorers together with the missionaries. Most of those who did not accept slavery fought back using bows and arrows which were minor compared to Europeans who had guns. This made it easier for the settlers to take the ancestral land from the natives (Stobaugh, 2012). Europeans were learned compared to Native Indians which made relationship within their families modern. Husbands and wives were regarded as equal where wives obeyed their husbands and respected one another. They were financially stable and had good income and were financially and economically developed. They lived in permanent houses while their neighbors lived in traditional houses. They built houses in the land they displaced the natives which made natives bitter and unhappy.

Conclusion

From the above discussion it is evidently seen that native Indians were the first people to settle in America. They considered the land their own until the settlers came to displace them. Technological advances, powerful weapons and education made Europeans feel more superior compared to the native Indians. Most European groups shared common culture, religion, language and social behaviors which made their relationship tight. Language differences between settlers and native Indians made them do away with the Native Indians culture and prohibited them from speaking their own language. The American government supported the Europeans settlers since they advocated for displacement of Native Indians who were put in reserves and made to suffer. Native Indians fought back for their land but due to Europeans powerful weapons they gave up the fight and moved away to other places leaving the Europeans to settle there. The European explorers and settles can be seen to have different impacts on the lives of the indigenous people. This is because they introduced them to many things such as new diseases that were killing large number of Native Americans. Additionally, the settlers were spreading Christianity and this changed their beliefs.

References

Barkan, E. R. (2013). Immigrants in American history: Arrival, adaptation, and integration. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO.

Dent, R. J. (1995). Chesapeake prehistory: Old traditions, new directions. New York: Plenum Press.

Lyons.J.F,(2008). Teaching History Online. Routledge.

Stobaugh, J. P. (2012). American history: Observations & assessments from early settlement to  today. Green Forest, Ark: Master Books.

 America’s involvement in the Vietnam War

Abstract

            The Vietnam War went down in history as one of the most unjustifiable wars in American history. To date, there has never been given enough justification as to why America decided to involve itself in Vietnam affairs. Despite the large number of casualties as well as waste of resources on that war, the American government sought to give its explanations as to why they directly and indirectly participated in the Vietnam War. Whether these justifications make sense at all depend on specific individuals.

Introduction

            The mention of Vietnam War is always synonymous with the involvement of American troops and the American government. There is no clear justification of the action of America entering this particular war. However, what is clear is the fact that by the end of this particular war not only was there massive loses and scars, but also a great impact on Americas history. This impact was characterized with by a lot of civil rights campaigns, one of the most discordant forces in twentieth century U.S. history. There were no particular reasons that were given in the particular movement; however, what was clear at the end of the day was that all the different movements were against the Vietnam War. Upon, the retraction of U.S forces from Vietnam; there have been attempts to explain/justify America’s participation in this particular war. For one to be able to understand this particular participation, America’s justification can be divided into three major reasons.

America’s justifications

Working relationship

            Prior to America’s involvement in Vietnam, the country had been under the colonial rule of the French rule. This rule had been a long one for it had extended from post world war II well into post the war. During this long period, the Vietnam people felt that they were being oppressed by the French both before and after WWII. The Vietnamese people were not happy with this rule and subsequently formed a party that would in effect fight against the French. This particular movement titled Viet Minh, under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, was formed right about the same time that Japan had effectively started a war with America by bombing the Pearl Harbor. This particular movement vowed to resist not only the French, but the Japanese as well (Statler, 2007). This acted in favor of America who would then set up an Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner of the CIA, on northern Vietnam. This working relationship between the Viet Minh movement and the OSS ensured that Viet Minh assisted with both the safeguarding as well as repatriation of American pilots who had been downed on Vietnam territory in their war against the Japanese and to a larger extend WWII. In addition, the movement assisted America as far as intelligence gathering was concerned. In return, the OSS, supplied Ho Chi Minh’s men with weapons and equipments. In this particular case, the U.S was aware of the reasons as to why the movement was fighting and made it clear that their interest in Vietnam was more convenient based rather than a sharing of political view.

            The U.S was however very reluctant in helping Vietnam in fighting the French in this particular period, during WWII, because of the situation at hand. Despite the efforts taken indirectly by Ho Chi Minh in showing that it particularly wanted to emulate the U.S through corporation as well as smaller gestures such as drawing from the declaration of independence, the U.S was still reluctant. The reason given for this particular reluctance was that there had been talks that to be able to grand Indochina, of which Vietnam was a part of, they would have to place it under trusteeship. America was afraid that this would set precedence for Britain who would then claim trusteeship of the U.S. Thus, America backed France in reclaiming colonialism over indoasia and effectively Vietnam (Daum et.al, 2003).

            The Vietnamese people would not give up. All through the 1940’s Ho Chi Minh and additional Vietnamese leaders made repetitive appeals to President Truman’s government and his American officials to aid in the achievement of independence from French colonial rule of the Vietnamese people (Anderson, 2011). This also fell on deaf ears. Having tried to communicate and ally himself with both the French and America, and his pleas similarly falling on deaf year, Ho Chi Minh opted for a different route, that of communism.

Communism

            Given a choice between communism and colonialism and America saw the later as a lesser of the two evils. America’s involvement in the Vietnam War came only after they threatened to go the communist way. At this point, it was clear that the Vietnamese people wanted independence and they would get it using whichever means (Gitlin, 2010). This did not sit well with most capitalist countries, the U.S included. At first, the U.S was not directly involved and only participated by supporting the French rule and supporting funds that would assist the French fight against the Vietnamese resistance movements.

            The cold war in this case also played an important role for both the French and the Americans were strong capitalist states and now firmly believed that communism had infiltrated into Vietnam. This era came immediately after WWII and most countries were interested in rebuilding and recovering from the war. In this capitalism for the U.S would ensure that development which was top on America’s agenda was ensured. America views shifted from being non-colonialist to being non-communism. Communism, they believed would derail in development as well as industrialization (Lewy, 1978).   The U.S believed therefore that due to France’s strong capitalistic ideas, they were likely to liberate Indochina from communist ideas that had infiltrated.

            There is also the fact that America had officially lost all faith in Ho Chi Minh whom they believed that despite the fact that he talked about capitalism had already embraced communism. This was evidenced in his works with Soviet Union, the Chinese Communist Party and the Comintern. In fact it is speculated that by the time the French finally surrendered and gave up to the communism scare had let to the U.S government spending three billion dollars they had ‘invested’ towards ‘saving Indochina from communism (Lind, 2002).

French withdrawal

            This event is what triggered the U.S real/physical involvement in Vietnam. The state government decided that it now wanted to create a South Vietnamese state that was both nationalist and democratic (Scigliano, 1964). America believed that with its backing and aid, they would be able to create a South Vietnam that was capable of resisting communism which was rampant in the north. They believed that if they had their way they would end up containing the communism rampart in the north by dividing the state into the southern nationalist and northern communist states. However, this ended up as a failure. On one end, the U.S stated that it was fighting for the interests of the South Vietnamese people while all along those interests were those of the U.S.

Conclusion

            Having the used that much resources, would on conclude that the U.S was justified in meddling in Vietnams affairs. History indicates that it was not. The fact is that they had been neutral and unresponsive from the very start. The reasons given for entering that particular war were not in the list justifiable.

References

Anderson, D. L. (2011). The Columbia history of the Vietnam War. New York: Columbia University Press.

Daum, A. W., Gardner, L. C., & Mausbach, W. (2003). America, the Vietnam War, and the world: Comparative and international perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge   University Press.

Gitlin, M. (2010). U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub.

Lewy, G. (1978). Lewy: America in Vietnam C. Oxford University Press.

Lind, M. (2002). Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict. Simon and Schuster.

Scigliano, R. (1964). South Vietnam. Boston: Mifflin.

Statler, K. C. (2007). Replacing France: The origins of American intervention in Vietnam. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan

One day sheikh Zayed asked by journalist “ when you building this country, why did you give your people free education, health care and free services” sheikh Zayed answered him “I gave them free education, accommodation, health care and free services because they are my children. How you cut off from your own children’s expenses?”

            Sheikh Zayed was not only a president; he was a father, an adviser and a leader. He was close to his people; he sat among his people and listened to their needs, chatting and laughing with them. He didn’t put any barrier between him and his people. He could be termed as humble.

The humble nature of this icon as well as his love for his people inspired him to bring change not only to his country but also to other citizens in other countries. He could be likened to a super hero who was always ready and willing to listen to the plight of the less fortunate and consequently do whatever was within his power to help these people. Thus, under his leadership a lot of charitable organizations were created that aimed at helping in one way or the other. One such example was the fact that he adopted as many orphans as possible not only in the EAU but also in other continents around the world. Other than his humanitarian efforts, the sheikh was a champion of environmental conservation efforts. For this, he received the champions of the earth award from the United Nations (Nādī Turāth al-Imārāt. et.al, 2001).

His ability to combine wisdom with leadership was evidenced when he advocated that both the father and mother in a family set-up should share activity that would be parenthood. This opened up the doors for women to actively seek employment. He stated that "Women have the right to work everywhere," he reasoned that "Islam gives women their rightful status, and encourages them to work in all sectors, as long as they are afforded the appropriate respect. The basic role of women is the upbringing of children, but over and above that, we have to support and encourage any woman who chooses to perform other functions." making him not only a shrewd leader but also a great parent to his people.

His wisdom extended to the policies that he created that were always in the best interest of his people. He shared the revenue brought in by oil to develop his people. These developments could be accessed by all his citizens and at no cost at all. He was not afraid of sharing the lands resources with his people (Morris, 1974). Furthermore his wisdom was responsible for the creation of peace without having to resort to bloodshed as was the case in the treaty of Jeddah.

His role as an insightful advisor played an important role in negotiations that he always made whether to benefit his own people or other countries in the world. His ability to provide solutions for even the toughest problem was impeccable. One such success was his key contribution in the formation of the EAU.

Sheikh Zayed was a leader like no other. He never looked down at people because of their station, gender, religion, ethnicity or even race. To him, humanity was what mattered in the long run. While the whole world benefited in one way or the other through this leaders virtuous personality, the people of EAU were the luckiest to have been under his leadership.

References

Morris, C. (1974). The desert falcon: The story of H. H. Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahiyan, President of the United Arab Emirates. London: Morris International.

Nādī Turāth al-Imārāt., & Markaz Zāyid lil-Turāth wa-al-Tārīkh. (2001). Zayed, a photographic journey: Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Heritage Club, and Zayid Center for Heritage and History.

FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR

Introduction

Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American mechanic engineer who wanted to improve the industrial efficiency. He was born in March 20, 1856 Philadelphia by Mr. Franklin and Emily Annette. Taylor died on March 21, 1915. His father Franklin was a Princeton law graduate while his mother Emily Annette was an abolitionist and feminist. During his childhood life, Taylor was regarded as self-disciplined child of wealthy and liberal parents. He prepared for college at Philips Academy in Exeter, N.H and was eventually accepted at Harvard. During his youth, his eyesight began to fail. However, by 1973 he became a machinists apprentice at enterprise at Hydraulic works in Philadelphia. In addition, by 1978, he took a job as a machine shop laborer at Midvale steel company. While he was still working there, having an age of 25 years, he went to school at night and he earned a degree in Engineering at the Stevens Institute of technology. At that pint he begins to become famous and he is regarded as the father of scientific management. In addition, he was one of the first consultants in the field of management. Taylor is regarded as one of the intellectual or thinking leaders of the efficiency movement and his ideas broadly influenced the progressive Era. In conjunction, Taylor is a controversial figure in the management of his history. Many of his innovations in industrial engineering, mainly in time and motion studies paid off in dramatic improvements in the entire productivity. In addition, he is accredited with the destruction of dehumanizing factories work that used to make people into automatons. He developed his theory of time, motion and various ways of improving productivity while observing the entire factory workers.

What is scientific management?

Paleontology
Introduction
Paleontology, which is the study of the history of earth as based on the fossils, has helped to contribute towards understanding of different aspects of the extinct and the living organisms. Studies indicate that the fossils contain information about the organism and the environment it occupied. In addition the scientists have also been able to deduce the behavior and the evolutionary history of an organism using the fossil information. This report analysis three articles that presents studies related to the paleontology. The first article analysis the various reforms related to palaeontology and the rise of the biogeography. The second article analysis the fossil record of Limopsis in Antarctica and the Southern high Latitude. The last article describes the rhetorical invention of the paleontological representation. In addition this report also present some of the possible research that need to be studied in relation to paleontological studies.
Reforms of the paleontology and the rise of the biogeography
The main aim of the document was to help in the historical development of the cladistics and the various roles that the paleontology and the biogeography played in helping to establish the concept of phylogenetic relationship. In addition, the article also tries to focus on the some of the aspects of paleontology as contributed by the Gareth Nelson. In the beginning of the article the authors first analyses the lecture that was presented by the Gareth at the American Museum of Natural History on the idea that there was pure paleontology. In his lecture the he argued that paleontology, as discipline was committed towards ensuring that it establishes the ancestral descendant of the relationship. According to Williams and Ebach, the field of paleontology emerged as an evolutionary discipline in the nineteenth and the twentieth century (Williams& Ebach, 694). Haeckles first coined the word paleontology while he tried to explain the possibility of explaining the origin of diversity in the life of the earth. In addition the author also indicates that the paleontologists in the 1960s were set to try and reform the subject as first presented by the Haeckles. From the author analysis it is evident that he argues that from the nelsons formulation of the threefold parallelism helped to provide a basis of investigating the phylogeny. Moreover he also indicates that the numerical phylogenic methods that have been introduced have helped to replace the stratigraphy that was used as the key to indentify the phylogenetic relationships (Williams& Ebach, 711).
The fossil record of limposis in Antarctica and the southern high latitude
From the article the author first present a strong argument explaining that the Limposis is one of the common species of the bivalve genera in the southern ocean. In relation to this the authors indicates that the few information is known regarding the phylogenic relationship of the organism (Whittle, Linse & Griffiths, 935). Other scholars have subsequently discredited the information presented regarding phelogenetic of the organism. In their study he used the paleontological fossil database that has been established to assess the distribution of the fossil and the recent limopsids. Analyses of the fossil record by the authors of the article indicate that the genus underwent a second Cenozoic radiation related to the isolation of the Artantica accompanied by the cooling in the northern hemisphere. The author of the article concludes the article by arguing that the genus adapted to the changes in the environmental condition including the surviving the last glacia.
The rhetorical invention of paleontology
One of the main aims of the article is to establish the intersection of visual rhetoric of the science through examining the rhetorical context in which the natural science represents the paleontology (Northcut, 303). In his introduction the author quotes that the tradition of rhetoric of science studies is largely one of the scholarly research literature review and discourse analyses. The author used the field method to establish the rhetorical context in which the paleontology became represent through the art. In relation to this he argues that the knowledge about paleontology is provided through words and image. The author therefore presents a number of researchers who uses the natural science illustration to represent the paleontology. In addition the author reports that there is considerable difference between what the experts know and what the public perceive. From his conclusion the author argues that using the visual communication the researchers are able to bring products and perception of science into the full view of the science (Northcut, 306). Another important point to note from the conclusion is the fact there is need for the scientist to recognize the importance of the visuals communication in order to capture the interest of the public.
Conclusion
From the above it is evident that the field of paleontology has undergone various developments. Considering the first article on the reforms of the paleontology has led to invention in the numerical phylogenetic methods has helped to replace stratigraphy. The introduction of these methods has helped to establish phylogenetic relationships. The invention of the modern fossil databases has helped to provide the basis of establishing the distribution of fossil and the recent limopsids. Moreover, the use of the visual representation has also helped to improve the knowledge in the paleontology among the public. One of the researches that need to be carried out in relation to the field of the paleontology is the ways of dealing with imbalance of the carbon dioxide cycle due to the burying of the fossil fuel. This is because the increased burning of the fossil fuel has led to increase in the emission of carbon dioxide in atmosphere. This therefore implies that the research needs to be done on the ways of lowing the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Works cited
Northcut, Kathryn M. "Insights From Illustrators: The Rhetorical Invention Of Paleontology Representations." Technical Communication Quarterly 20.3 (2011): 303-326. Business Source Complete. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.
Whittle, Rowan J., Katrin Linse, And Huw J. Griffiths. "The Fossil Record Of Limopsis (Bivalvia: Limopsidae) In Antarctica And The Southern High Latitudes." Palaeontology 54.4 (2011): 935-952. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Apr. 2013
Williams, David M., and Malte C. Ebach. "Original Article The Reform Of Palaeontology And The Rise Of Biogeography – 25 Years After ‘Ontogeny, Phylogeny, Paleontology And The Biogenetic Law’ (Nelson, 1978)." Journal Of Biogeography 31.5 (2004): 685-712. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Apr. 2013.