Guestroom Technology

Introduction

Today, in a modern contemporary society, technological advancement is the chief facilitator of economic development (Fox 8). Various sectors from communication to, entertainment to, transport as well as tourism and hospitality have undergone a tremendous transformation in terms of technology. Moreover, through technology human beings have made their life comfortable and luxurious in the best way possible (Leposa 6). Hospitality and tourism industry has experienced a tremendous technological advancement to enhance services in various departments in the sector such as accommodation, foods, and drinks, guestroom, entertainment, and physiotherapy. Therefore, this paper discusses the use of technology in guestrooms in hotels a case study of Marriott hotel.

The insatiable and consistent needs that have become a nightmare to satisfy despite the advancement in technology have led to more innovation in this sector to meet the many needs of customers. On that note, different Hotels have embraced new technologies and are using some of the leading technological advancements in giving high-class services to their clients. The most spectacular are their innovation of a mobile professional networking platform and a voice-activated personal assistant which has been championed the hotel to make a trajectory to the future of travel technology. A lot of innovation has come on board following the introduction of the Tech startups, a program to bring up new ideas to enhance hospitality industry (Leposa 12).

External multi-snack display

Primarily, many newer and current technologies have been embraced by different hotels as a way of improving their guestroom services as well as guest experience. Among this great guestroom, technology is the external multi-snack display. Using this type of technology guests can select snacks of choice on the automated tabletop baskets or trays. In the same manner, the electronic gadget automatically adds the bill to the overall guest bill. The technology is effective it gives the client a variety of choice, and hence the customers feel at least satisfied at the end.

Empty food tray tracker

Another, leading technology is the empty food tray tracker. This device can sense and detect an empty place and track the exact location the used food tray is since the device sends signals to the hotel staffs. The detection system helps in maintaining clean, conducive, and tolerable surrounding in the guestrooms. The gadget emits radiation to track to track empty food trays hence during installation are placed in strategic position to avoid side effects in human beings.

Guestrooms Automation Systems

Personal valet

Guestroom automation system called the personal valet is yet another sophisticated technology employed in many hotels the Marriott hotel inclusive. The automation system furnishes guestrooms to provide a convenience of controlling multiple functions to their clients in a single control console, which referred to as personal valet (Enz 49). The system also provides a smooth integration with door security, air conditioners, and electronic safe, automated curtain operations. The system has also erased fear from the heart of the guest from getting lost on his or her first visit to the hotel since the guest can select the images of the hotel at their disposal. Using the same platform the guest is in a position to place reservations to hotels and restaurants among other wishes like requesting for car retrieval from valet parking. Lower deployment costs and interactive third-party applications that is associated with this system more attractive to investors.

Flat panel display

The many hotel room video in Europe and across the world have adjusted to the digital era. The majority of hotels have employee have flat panel display. Research has revealed that majority of guest have embraced the new digital technology. Many clients like being entertained with significant development on television and this make television technology a more preferred and embraced source of entertainment in guest rooms. The installation cost of this technology is minimal and once installation is made, periodic maintenance is annually with low charges and expense. Television for instance consumes a lot of energy in the guestroom hence selecting energy saving television during installation is imperative.  

The ICE Touch-In room concierge

The ICE Touch-In room concierge is yet another technology that is used in guestrooms to help achieve interactive client experience. The technology not only makes the guestroom experience more superb but also easier as well. The technology is also associated with high-speed internet protocol, high definition internet protocol TV as well as high definition video on demand (Fox 52). The system can detect the guest presence in the room, upon arrival of the guest in the room he or she is welcomed by the automatic light switch that fills up the entire room. Moreover, the system is also capable of triggering automatic switching on of the television in the guest room. All configurations incorporated and well programmed the client is then able to get an extensive guestroom experience of its kind.

Microsoft service technology

Just as many other technological advancement, another guestroom technology getting more familiar with time is the Microsoft surface technology. By using this most embraced technology, the clients can reserve tickets, go to a different menu of the nearby luxurious spa and high ranking restaurants (Leposa 46). Apart from doing the core mandate of relaying relevant information to the client, the system also has the best entertainment such as listening to music; download electronic books, order food and drinks as well as sending photos home.

Voice over internet protocol phone

For proper and efficient treatment or service to the client, it is understood that communication is imperative in making the request, the preferences of the customers to the staff. It is therefore for this reason that technologies that enhance the communication between the client and the hoteliers such as the voice over internet protocol phone are significant. The Mariette hotel has taken their communication to the customer's digital by employing the use of voice over internet protocol phone (Clopton, 52). The IP telephone has surely replaced its analog counterpart due to the many essential functionalities it performs. The device with a color touchscreen can introduce marketing opportunity within the confines of the hotel room. Furthermore, using the modern advanced software the IP telephone provide clients with a broad range of services being offered by the hotel such as the house cleaning, restaurants reservations, and in-room service dining.

Voice activated personal assistant and Jambo (networking platform)

The programme initiated in Europe gives two start-ups to set up their demos or pilots products or prototypes in the Marriott Hotel for around six weeks. The judge bench consists of the vice president of Marketing and eCommerce Guy Kedar, Oli Barrett, who is the Start- up Britain founder.

The start-up winning project has not only brought success to location-based mobile platforms that connect business professionals but also to the hotel management itself to enhance the guest experience. The connection of professional business connection facilitated by Jambo and unmatched customer or guest experience will work a great deal in boosting the entire hotel business as well as being an example to the rest (Hertzfeld 24). 

Case study: M beta technology in Marriott Hotel

In addition, another key technological provision embraced by the hotel management is the M Beta opened at Marriott city center. The center is a mix of incredible innovation altogether amounts to a high sophisticated and innovation lab. From the digital experiences in fitness, rooms or studio to keyless entry upon arrival of guests makes the conferencing experience in the center cool and unparalleled. Furthermore, the use prototyping is a milestone achievement because it invites a guest to test and give feedback in real time, thus, shaping hotel experience.

For a better guestroom experience, the M Beta technology has enhanced conferencing activities such as giving comments as well as voting much easier than before. The physical Beta buttons that are situated all over the guestroom engages client’s comments with the tally to live on stage. In making this possible, the client just dials or pushes a beta button and that way the approval is shared on the congruent innovation.

For the M Beta technology the sky is the limit, the technology primarily, singles out the different services offered in the hospitality industry in one basket. The guests have the fulfillment of different preferences and want at the push of a button. Alongside the M Beta technology is some of the latest innovation what I may call the add-on of the sophisticated mobile network platform M beta. What the old traditions of front desk check in is a thing of the past with, the technology makes hosted arrival more modern and easier as personal greeter way for your arrival in the lobby on the word go hence boosting clients reception as well (Hertzfeld, 28). Cost wise the installation of this technology is costly, as well as the maintenance cost but the benefits it beholds surpasses its cost. The system consumes a lot of energy in the hotels during installation aspect of energy is catered for by using less energy consuming diodes and gadgets.  

LG Studio in Dynamic Meeting Space

The guest’s hospitality and refreshment can never be complete without delicacies. On that, the Mariette Hotel Management has collaborated with one of the best technological and kitchen equipment company, the LG Studio. That has networked and elevated beverage and food provision and experience that can be tailored to any kind of meeting and gathering from just a brainstorm of service network what is known as the LG Studio in Dynamic Meeting Space. Again through technology guest have access various customer demands nearly to a thousand of essential requirements in Flex fitness such as the personal work out and on-demand groups available all over on the screens. The above transformation in hotel management and design is an element and an actual proof the transformation ongoing in the world-class hotel Marriott Hotel (Enz 45). The installation of this system is costly as the maintenance cost is relatively low. The installation is made by the provider company’s expertise.

Conclusion  

In conclusion, the ceaseless, and insatiable human wants is the primary driver of the many sophisticated technological devices and systems in hospitality and tourism industry most especially the guestroom technology. Nonetheless, the innovations have also be triggered with the motives for a solution to different problems and challenges experienced by the clients in guestrooms. The existing problems than such as lack of proper communication between customers and staff, under service to the clients, some clients getting lost in their first visit to the premise as well as limited access to essential information were bridged and solved by the above-discussed technologies. Furthermore, innovation has brought in the guestroom management has brought nothing but economic growth and development in the process making work even easier. Like in the case of the Mariette international hotel, the high degree innovations such as the M Beta, Jambo, and a voice-activated personal assistant are extremely incredible. The technologies have made the business tower high in the entire Europe and the world as a whole and trajectory to future technological experience in the industry of hospitality.

Works cited

Clopton, Linda E. A Marmac Guide to Atlanta. Gretna, LA: Pelican Pub. Co, 2001. Print.

Enz, Cathy A. Hospitality Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print.

Reisinger, Yvette. International Tourism: Cultures and Behavior. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009. Print.

Hertzfeld, Esther, and Hertzfeld. "Guestroom Phones: Multipurposing." Hotel Management, 230.9 (2015): 80.

Fox, Jena Tesse, and Fox. "Open Spaces, Technology Inspire Design." Hotel Management, 231.4 (2016): 74.

Leposa, Adam. "Accessing Guestroom Safes TALKING RFID." Hotel Management, 228.13 (2013): 22.

Innovation of sustainable logistics in 3PL Industry

 The 3PL industry plays a central role to an economy since it contributes to its growth and creation of international competitiveness. With an ever rising growth in this industry especially in the freight transport, the challenge has always been to increase the efficiency and hence, competitiveness of the logistics sector and in the reduction of the impacts of the sector on the environment. Innovation is a major concern in this industry and the Third Party Logistics firms are always looking into ways of innovating so as to achieve a revolutionary in competitive advantage. Sustainability in midst of such innovation aims at finding solutions that can achieve efficiency and ecologically sound operations in the industry.  Sustainability attracts a lot of managerial focus in 3PL industry due to pressure from various stakeholders such as investors, policy, makers and customers especially in the transportation sector.  Logistics innovation refers to the services related to logistics from the simple to the complex ones, which is considered to be new and of assistance to a specific audience. This audience can be external where customer service is made better or internal where operational efficiency is improved by innovation. The 3PL industry needs various support activities for the logistics activities in the procurement, warehousing, transportation, order processing, customs brokerage and customer service departments require innovation for sustainability. Environmental sustainability is very crucial in the economy and since logistics sits among the causal factors in the pollution of the environment, innovative initiatives must be in place to reduce its impact. This paper aims at looking into innovation that ensures sustainability in the 3PL industry and the discussion includes the use of technical innovation (information and communication technologies), administrative innovations and Integrated Green Innovation in Logistics for sustainability of logistics services.

Innovations can be classified into two categories which include the technological or technical innovations and administrative or non-technological innovations. Technical innovations mean the technologies that are needed for data acquisition, transportation and warehousing and information management. Administrative innovations refers to various changes in the business process and structure , supplier and customer relationships  management and issues related to knowledge management  that bring about innovation .

Information and communication technologies

The information and communication technologies (ICT) are very essential in exchange and seamless flow of information in this highly competitive industry. The use of ICT in transportation of freight makes it possible for transport users in the identification of services that mostly fit their purposes and for 3PL firms manage deliveries and freight shipments strategically.  The increase in the freight volumes and a growth in societal demand for sustainability have presented the logistics industry to improve the efficiency of their operations. The firms in the 3PL industry have to look into the available opportunities for efficiency improvement in the warehouses management, freight transport modes and in the distribution channels for products to reach the destined markets. Innovation in these sectors make the traditional measures aimed at responding to growth in congestion like transport network transportation to be feasible to a degree and other approaches whose aim is to increase efficiency in this sector.  With ICT management in transportation sector of this industry ensures that existing vehicles and infrastructure can be put into efficient use. The use of advanced IC makes the management of the various facilities in the warehouse efficient and this result to decongestion and ease movement and storage of products before being delivered to their destined markets.  There are an increase number of ICT applications being developed to be used in the various transportation modes and in the interconnection of all the modes in processes of logistics management.  For the 3PL industry to embrace the advantage and efficiency afforded by the use of ICT in the logistic center, they must have innovative solutions for information exchange and information management.  In order to do this, they need to overcome some hurdles that include information standardization, requirements for legal compliance and security and their capability in using the various ICT systems.  

The exchange of information is very essential for dynamic, collaborative and flexible logistics with an aim of establishing paperless documentation which is made possible by electronic information flow which is connected to flow of various products. In the distribution channels, sustainability is achieved through speed in processing of information for the ordering, warehousing and distribution at minimum interferences of the entire process.  Sustainability is also achieved through efficiency afforded by the ability to trace and track freight across the numerous transport modes and in the automation of the freight data exchange. This can be assisted by the development of a framework specifically meant for exchange of information between various actors in the entire logistic chains. Such a framework includes some set standards, governance, administrative and legal matters that make any innovation introduced by the management in the logistic process to work smoothly without any hitches.  Another important aspect that is being introduced is the various developments whose aim is the facilitation of intelligent cargo, making the players or companies to be aware of the location and context of various goods expected in the distribution networks. These developments improves efficiency by having the players in this industry to be connected to a broad variety of logistic services and this can lead to improvement in productivity of logistics of the freights.  These developments relates to e-Freight concept whose support in ensuring sustainability cannot be underestimated since they have impacts of speed , safety and cost in the logistics operations in the industry.  An essential factor in these developments is the aim to make easy the chain of freight logistics and information exchange. For the 3PL companies operating in the industry, they are able to ensure sustainability through an increase in efficiency, reduction in cost and creation and exploitation of new opportunities in the market with help of a new competitive advantage.  The various developments in this sector include applications for booking services, a documentation process that is electronic based, management of real-time traffic, tracking and tracing of cargo and giving reports to the competent authorities of challenges that 3PL firms encounter in the process of carrying out their operations.  In addition, an e-Freight and involved policies can go beyond the boundaries of information exchange in every mode of transport to include applications such as ITS for road transportation, Telamatics Application for Freight used in rail transportation and Blue Belt used in maritime mostly in the European Union. This shows the extent to which the innovation can have far reaching impacts in the industry by the enhancement of the entre process and reduction of costs.

 The application of ICT innovation is very essential for the 3PL industry when logistics applications are involved in the urban logistics.   Delivery operations and efficient logistics are of great importance in the urban areas for the purpose of supplying a broad variety of goods to commercial enterprises and residents.  There is extensive logistics which shows that volumes in urban freights have been on the rise faster than overall economic activity and this trend has increased congestion and impacted on the environment. Hence, information technology developments and application impacts the services provided by third party logistics firms right from the source of various goods in the manufacturing places, the freight routes such as ocean carriers, airfreight and road transport to the warehouses in the urban settings. The use of information technology is needed in sharing and coordination of logistic information in the process of decongesting of supply chain and timely delivery of goods to various commercial places in urban centers.  Such coordination ensures sustainability is achieved at all the supply chain stages products, and this is important for companies that outsource services provided by third party logistic industry. However, very vital technical innovations are needed in terms of hybrid freight facilities and vehicles and electric deliveries which can improve efficiency and profitability for firms and reduction in congestion, noise and carbon dioxide emissions which will lead to socially responsible players in the industry through clean air.  For the companies operating in third party logistics industry, new vehicles in the supply chain and facilities in the warehouse will open up potential for delivery options and logistics like deliveries during the night. Apart from ensuring sustainable service deliveries to the customers, there will be less congestion in the cities due to the enhanced flow. For instance, there are various evaluations which have been carried out funded by the European Union in some countries on logistics and technical feasibility of large-scale adoption of hybrid and electric vehicles in major cities.  This evaluation has involved investigating the uptake of significant success factors in the market for the purpose of sustainable innovations such as technologies in the urban logistics.  Moreover, the door-to-door deliveries efficiency has been improved through the development of ICT tools across cities by use of the information systems for supply and demand side. The information systems make it possible for operators to carry out monitoring of operational status of various facilities such as vehicles, plan the best delivery routes and delivery schedules.  These types of improved scheduling and vehicle routing systems indicates the kind of innovation which can be used in the industry to offer efficiency and sustainability.  Evidence has shown how these systems can be used in achieving savings in times spend on routes and in the estimation of accurate delivery times to the intended customers.

  A major reason why companies in the industry fail is their lack of anticipating need for introducing and adopting change in the provision of their services.  This failure diminishes sustainability of these services but with innovation, they can have an essential competence which is required for many firms. Empirical studies have indicated that companies in the industry which adopt innovative management systems are able to remain competitive and hence profitabile than those firms which failure to embrace such changes. These systems ensure that companies are competitive and maintain competitive advantage especially due to a market that is becoming increasingly hyper-competitive and complex. In this industry, failure by a firm to embrace information technology will lead to its loss to competitors who have are able to achieve sustainability even in turbulent moments.  The providers of logistic services have to be innovative sp as to meet the many problems while sustaining profitability and growth. In fact, ability to innovate and embrace innovation has an overall effect on quality of services provided which plays an important role in ensuring sustainability. When technological innovations are combined with administrative innovations, the result is an improved level of operation for third party logistics firms which will be translated into more profits, growth and sustainability.

Administrative innovations

In the Third Party Logistics industry, outsourcing of services has to be management in a manner that efficiency and sustainability is achieved and for that matter, administrative innovations play an important role. The most significant innovation in the industry has been Just-in-Time but other types of administrative innovations have been influencing the industry. It has been argued that administrative innovations where processes and people are involved result to bigger sustainability in competitive edge for firms developing and adopting them since they are less likely to be copied than technologies that are normally offered by suppliers. JIT has influenced this logistic industry since it has enabled the services outsourced to be provided more effectively through more frequent and smaller deliveries. In addition, JIT by the use of signaling systems like Kanban has made it possible to pull commodities from supply chain instead of the conventional push system whose basis is demand projection. JIT is an example of administrative innovation which can continue to have positive effects in the 3PL industry currently.

There are also value added services like co-manufacturing, co-packing, mass-customization  , postponement , labeling and warehousing  whose expansion is becoming of great importance to the logistic providers across the supply chain .  These services are helpful in avoiding commoditization in the entire industry. Moreover, players in 3PL industry own various intellectual capital and computer systems which allow them to provide end-to-end logistics services on a world wide scale.   In this industry , collaboration among the players , that is , services providers , suppliers , customers and competitors is an essential innovation which can assist in improve responsiveness and reduce waste . For instance, the application of shared services like consolidation, warehousing and transport enables more efficient use of resources by various 3PL firms while backhauling assist in minimizing empty running.  Collaboration among competing firms in the industry has also involved forming alliances especially for SMEs so that they can gain a higher competitive edge.  An example is the creation of parallel networks which comprises of independent providers of logistic services whose collaboration result to small consignments distribution and provision of extra value added services.  Other forms of administrative innovation that are aimed at sustainability includes introduction of organizational structural changes.  For example,   

Case study

Case: Tesla powers on with green energy solutions

Current Issue: Challenges in global market connection/globalization

This is a current issue facing international managers. Focusing on Tesla’s case study, the company has unveiled plans to expand power plants in Kauai islands. The company faces challenges on product supply and it has decided to establish effective supply chain which will supply green energy create new move on Powerpack-2 battery units (Stannard, 2017). These solar-plus-solar initiatives will boots global sustainability. 30,000 residents in Kauia have solar panels but at night they do not generate power but they are forced to use burned diesel fuels.  The unveiled plan to develop power plants will save gallon of fossil fuel of 1.6million in yearly basis (Stannard, 2017).

According to my understanding, the challenges facing managers today is based on globalization. Due to economic development, companies need to move to the national borders and offer services to global customers. Globalization is important in that company experiences many opportunities as well as high revenue. Through globalization on, specific regions can access natural resources as well as products and services needed to sustain life (Ball et al, 2010).  However, globalization has its own challenges since the process of moving product to international level requires environmental consideration.  Company should maintain cultural identity. In addition, the process needs ethical concern in order to minimize the damage to the new environment.

 Donald et al (2010) asserts that the major driving force of globalization is technology.  Due to rapid growth of technology, corporations are expanding ideas and information in international level and allow customer to utilize the foreign goods. This technology has expanded the markets and has created connection with global customers. Tesla Company expanded its power plan to Kauai to develop the local electricity supply. This is associated with economies of scale where the company globalised its services to improve productivity and efficiency. Due to intense competition, companies develop plants in other areas in order to enjoy competitive advantage and maintain competitive edge (Donald et al, 2010).

Tesla case study relates with innovation of natural resources. This means that companies modify natural resources such as sun, water and more through innovation (Donald et al, 2010).  Due to rapid competition in global markets, companies focus on environmental sustainability. For example, Tesla Company focuses in sustaining environment for future generation.  It has developed long actions -term for bringing environmental benefit to both local and international customers. There are factor conditions which force companies to innovate environmental sustainability. For example, Tesla Company learnt that there is scarcity of power plant in Kauai islands and decided to develop new approaches.  This will lead to comparative advantage through eliminating burnt fossil fuel and providing solar power (Donald et al, 2010).

From personal opinion, the rapid growth of international business is associated with comparative advantage and challenges. The change is inevitable and companies must join the globalization of trade and carry out the business activities in national borders to maintain the competitive edge (Donald et al, 2010). However, managers face globalization-related challenges   such as management strategies, practices and competition. In addition, companies enjoy competitive advantage by sustaining environment. This achieved by using improved techniques which will assist in discovering and innovating new prospecting equipment. Generally, I believe that   modern companies must implement change and expand the business in international level to enjoy competitive advantage.  In order to increase profit, maintain existing market and achieve efficiency,   there are challenges which are met (Donald et al, 2010). They must understand the organization’s mission and vision, and plan how to achieve the goals. They should also understand the weaknesses, strengths and implement strategic planning to address the challenges met.

Reference

Donald A. Ball.,Michael, J. Geringer., Michael S. Minor.,&  Jeanne M. McNett  (2010). INTERNATIONAL

BUSINESS THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL COMPETITION. TWELFTH EDITION. The McGraw-Hill

Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

 Stannard James. (2017). Tesla powers on with green energy solutions. WORLD FINANCE.

Retrieved from; http://www.worldfinance.com/markets/tesla-powers-on-with-green-energy-solutions

VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENCY REPORT

Introduction

Energy audit entails the survey, inspection, and analysis of the energy flow for energy usage in a vehicle. Because of that, the aim of this research was to analyze all the process which not only consume but also reduces the amount of energy (fuel) consumed by the vehicle without negatively impacting the output(s) (R.C & N.R.C, 2011). This was first achieved through expanding on the preliminary analysis and then collecting data regarding the functionality of the car through performing comprehensive evaluation of fuel consumption measures (Palocz, 2013).

Method

During the determination of the fuel efficiency of the car, first, the fuel tank capacity of the vehicle as determined, and then the Trip A function was reset to zero, and a photograph of the odometer was taken. Next, the volume of the remaining fuel was measured before refilling the tank again. Finally, the volume of the fuel consumed for the second trip was noted which was then used to compute the percentage change in fuel efficiency of the car. The following are some of the petrol saving measures which were researched, selected, and implemented;

1) Making fewer trips

2) Not driving during rush hour (Phoebe, 2016)

3) No carrying of unnecessary weight

4) Accelerating smoothly (R.C & N.R.C, 2011).

5) Sticking to the speed limit

6) Avoiding traffic congestion (Cleveland & Morris, 2015)

7) Watching one’s top speed

8) Being a smooth operator

9) Maintaining the car   (I.C.N.S.M.T et al, 1985).

Results

From the graph, the vertical axis shows kilometers per one liter while the horizontal axis shows the days of the project. Conversely, Vehicle carrying capacity is some of the factors which constrain the rate of fuel consumption (Cleveland & Morris, 2015). From the data collected and graphed, it means that the capacity of carrying luggage is of great interest whenever fuel consumption was to be considered. The reason for that is because the general use of efficient vehicle may at times be limited at longer distances (Palocz, 2013). Initial data from the analysis indicates that potential fuel consumption of the car ranges from 50-70% as depicted by the percentage change of the fuel efficiency.

Discussion

In the process of determining the rate of fuel consumption of the car, a linear relationship of fuel consumption and weight of the car was the factors which were taken into consideration (Palocz, 2013). The reason for that is because fuel consumption remains to be the precise means of determining the performance of the vehicle (Cleveland & Morris, 2015). So as to analyze the data collected, the main challenge which was encountered was computing the efficiency per unit weight or weight specific efficiency of the car.

On the other hand, footnotes average fuel consumption was also used for the purpose of representing the weighted average of the car. Other than determining the fuel tank capacity of the car, several efficiency fuel consumption methods were used (N.R.C et al., 2006). In addition to that, fuel consumption information was outsourced from the car certification (N.R.C, 2010).

From the graph, it can be noted that fuel efficiency was the reciprocal of the two metrics which were computed in chronological manner when the other is known. Throughout this research, the fuel consumption rate remained to be the metric owing to the fundamental characteristics as well as the suitability of the car (N.R.C, 2010).

It can also be seen from the graph that fuel efficiency of the car was much dependent on various parameters i.e. weight, rolling resistance, engine parameters, and so on (I.C.N.S.M.T et al, 1985). Conversely, in order to avoid such problems, boosting the overall fuel efficiency of the car was essential. This mainly relies on maintenance as well as attention offered to the style of driving (N.R.C et al., 2006). Interesting information from the graph is that the petrol saving methods implemented was not effective because not all cars have the ability of reflecting accurate odometer reading. The results were not what were expected because the odometer not only reflected incorrect number of miles driven but also giving an erroneous picture of the cars MPG or odometer reading (Palocz, 2013).

Conclusion

It should also be noted that the energy audit taken was obtained under certain test conditions. As a result of that, it was relatively difficulty to achieve it under real life driving situation or condition. Some of the factors which influences actual fuel audit include driving style, environment, behavior, and conditions in which the car was operated. This means that the figures obtained ought to be treated as inductive only.

References

International Conference on New Survey Methods in Transport, Ampt, E. S., Richardson, A. J., & Brög, W. (1985). New survey methods in transport: 2nd International Conference, Hungerford Hill, Australia, 12-16 September 1983. Utrecht, Netherlands: VNU Science Press.

National Research Council (U.S.). (2010). Technologies and approaches to reducing the fuel consumption of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press.

Cleveland, C. J., & Morris, C. G. (2015). Dictionary of energy.

National Research Council (U.S.)., & National Research Council (U.S.). (2011). Assessment of fuel economy technologies for light-duty vehicles. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

National Research Council (Etats-Unis)., National Research Council (Etats-Unis)., & National Research Council (Etats-Unis). (2006). Tires and passenger vehicle fuel economy: Informing consumers, improving performance.

Palocz-Andresen, M. (2013). Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation: Sensing, Control and Reduction of Emissions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Phoebe, C.H, (2016). Passenger Car Fuel Economy in Short Trip Operation:Energy conservation. Department of Energy, Division of Transportation Energy Conservation

Failure mode and effects analysis using a group-based evidential reasoning approach

Introduction

FMEA refers to a methodology used in evaluation of a given system, its design, and process or service to find out possible failures, their impact and the various causes of the failures. It’s normally a group decision making process whose team whose members demonstrate varying knowledge and opinions and hence coming up with different kinds of assessment data. This paper describes an FMEA by use of Evidential Reasoning(ER) approach which is a methodology that has been newly developed and which helps in the analysis of multiple attribute decision.  The illustration of this FMEA is done using a fishing vessel application.  The paper uses a descriptive method to relay the information, where ER approach is used to develop a risk priority model which can incorporate risk factors relative significance and at the same time form a model on uncertainty and diversity of FMEA assessment information. The results from the study is that regardless of assessment is done by team members, the approach of the proposed FMEA is applicable. The paper concludes with proposing the adoption of this FMEA that uses ER- approach that is group based and which can tap the diverse opinions of team members for prioritizing failure modes when under various kinds of uncertainties (CHRYSOSTOM & DWIVEDI, 2013).  

Contributions

 The FMEA methodology addresses the need to understand scientific ways of carrying out potential failure research and analysis of effects of the failures and the advantages of group based opinions in comparison to individual opinions on analysis. In the evidence reasoning approach each member of the FMEA team provides their assessments of the possible failures and the individual opinions are rated and the degree of failure is then assessed using some given intervals (CHRYSOSTOM & DWIVEDI, 2013). The paper provides an important method which allows team members to have an understanding on overall risk of every failure mode, and these modes are assessed to high intervals or ratings with the highest degree of rating representing more risk as compared to those with low intervals or rating. This FMEA methodology approach also portrays the importance of assumptions used in dealing with information assessment , and how different assumptions influence on individual analysis outcomes .The failure risk assessment for each team  member can be integrated  group structures that can be used to rate the expected risk by use of risk scores (CHRYSOSTOM & DWIVEDI, 2013). The method also provide various ways that team members can do their evaluations either as a group or individuals , and the tabulation and synthesizing of results is done separately while applying their importance weights. The evaluations can be carried out together in a room while leaving the team members to choose how to carry out their evaluations. The importance of reaching a consensus on every valuation made is highlighted since such a consensus will not require the assignment of any weight to the team members’ results.

The FMEA method allows the development of a risk priority model by use of ER approach that is group based and this includes evaluation of risk factors by turning individual opinions into group opinions and finding an aggregate of the group opinion which are turn into some overall opinions. The overall opinions are converted to anticipated risk score and the risk scores are ranked by use of MRA.  Through this the method considers the risk factors weights that are quite deterministic. It is also possible to reflect on the uncertainty and diversity of the assessment performed by team members whose opinions can have better outcomes in spotting failures (CHRYSOSTOM & DWIVEDI, 2013).  The method also allows the inclusion of multiple risk factors and there is no need for building rule basis that can be very subjective.

Evaluation

The use of this method of prioritizing risk and failures has various importances one of which is the advantage of changing the results in accordance with uncertain factors effects. What this means is that more accurate results can be obtained which can help in boosting the system or process to handle the uncertainty (CHRYSOSTOM & DWIVEDI, 2013). The conclusion of the article properly states that prioritizing of failures according to opinions from different individuals assist in eliminating any biases associated with working as a group. Evidence based reasoning help to analyze the relationship among risk facing different system components and hence allowing for corrective actions to be taken in a system or process. This relationship defines the available alternatives which when prioritized, the ones with more influence are chosen over those with low priority. Given the above stated reasons this approach is fairly good for risk and effects analysis in process or system evaluation.

Suggestions

For the method to be more effective, I would recommend further research on how various risk factors and priority levels’ functions can be assigned to every team members. Another future research area is how to make the process less tedious since no single rule is applied but many rules are used. In addition, a research should focus on the appropriate software for risk factors and failure prioritizing.

Reference

CHRYSOSTOM, S., DWIVEDI, R., (2013).A review on the methodologies used in failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering. Vol-1., 6,. 13-14

Chin, K. S., Wang, Y. M., Poon, G. K. K., & Yang, J. B. (2009). Failure mode and effects analysis using a group-based evidential reasoning approach. Computers & Operations Research, 36(6), 1768-1779.

Ventilation

Ventilation refers to the process where clean air is mechanically and intentionally introduced into a space and the stale air inside the space is removed. In addition to the intentional ventilation, air enters into the space naturally and inevitably by the ‘air infiltration’ process. This refers to the uncontrolled fresh air flow into a given space through the unintentional or adventitious cracks or gaps inside the building envelope. Ventilation is a very important engineering control that allows the industrial hygienist to improve or even maintain the air quality in the work environment. It can also be used for dehumidification or thermal comfort when introduction of air from outside will assist in achieving the required psychometric conditions (United States Department of Labor, n.d.). Thus ventilation forms a very basic requirement for construction of any buildings.

The best time to use ventilation is when the space or building is occupied so that to maintain the outside air ventilation levels. Ventilation should also be used when humidification is needed especially in hospitals. It should also be used in time when air circulation is needed in commercial buildings so that to allow for thermal conditioning. The ventilation process should not be used if the outside air has been contaminated which will assist in preventing its introduction into a space. Industrial ventilation is necessary when a need arises for controlling emissions, chemical hazards and even chemical hazards especially in those areas that have high densities of occupant. Ventilation should also be used in the course of doing various activities such as welding, heating and cutting in a space that is confined United States Department of Labor, n.d.). In such a scenario, since ventilation cannot be obtained without the blockage of means of accessing the space, the employees in such confined space should be issued with air line respirators according to the policy requirements.

There are various situations where ventilation may not be used  which includes the case of outside air is contaminated,  when the occupational environment is in the open space and when there is no need for humidification. In addition, if there is a leakage of poisonous gases in the ducts used for air conditioning and heating, ventilation may not be needed since the pollutant gas can be drawn into the space through the various openings (United States Department of Labor, n.d.). Ventilation system may not be required in spaces where it would not be effective for the employees and in such cases what is required is the use of respirators and this process requires the implementation of a Respiratory Protection Program. 

Reference

United States Department of Labor (n.d.).Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved from: https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_3.html

Technology in Our Lives

In the life of everyone today, technology can be termed as an essential requirement.  Without the existence of technology, it is factual to state that most things would not be able to materialize. Technology is a major aspect that has made the lives of most individuals to be simpler and more enjoyable (Edwards, 2012).  Modern technology can thus be described as the machinery that is responsible for making living much easier.  Technology in general plays an essential role in each aspect of the modern living society (Edwards, 2012). This includes agriculture, business sales, communication, healthcare, and transportation.  In this context, technology permits the replacement of animal as well as human labor with labor that is automated therefore decreasing the cost of producing goods, a decrease in production period and a rise in working efficiency.

Technology connection with the world in terms of education, business and so on cannot be separated. In the business, world technology is permitting all sizes of business to each consumer across the international market at ease (Edwards, 2012).  The technology eliminates the barriers of cost, efficiency as well as the distance by ensuring that all the stated objectives are met. Consumers are thus able to access services and products from the online platform and have them through shipment that accesses any location based on transportation and communication development.  With this individuals are able to interact and make meetings without physical interactions at ease (Edwards, 2012).

Technology has completely transformed individual’s lives at the highest point (Miller, 2015).   Families as well as friends due to technology can associate with one another with the utilization of mobile phones, electronic messaging and can additionally meet in frequent modes due to the capability of traveling long distances with more transportation modes such as trains, airplanes as well as cars.  Technology has additionally developed existence expectancy in human beings through the development of healthcare approaches.   Technology permits processes and surgeries which were previously termed as complicated. This has been accomplished through the development of better procedures and improved drugs to handle health issues (Miller, 2015). 

Use of Technology in Education

In recent existence, technology is widely being utilized in the education field in numerous forms.  For instance PowerPoint forms of presentations, online books and virtual study is a form of the utilization of technology in education (Miller, 2012).  This has transformed the mode of education from the previously reliability on manual teaching ad studying to an education that is characterized by increased efficiency due to access and availability of learning to all locations. This has thus developed the level of literacy state in the modern society and developed innovation through minds sharpening.  In the modern world where education plays a vital role in success, technology is highly necessarily.  In the past of every hour, a fresh software or eve a divide is being introduced to the market that is aimed at developing the mode of living in different ways. Technology has thus made it easier for individuals to access education and advance the existing one (Miller, 2012).

However the fact that technology is beneficial to the education system is highly argued by some individuals.  Some individuals claim that technology link to the system of education can be regarded as a spoil to the students (Miller, 2012).   For example for most students instead of getting down and beginning to learn how to develop a mathematical solution the will opt to utilize a calculator in making work much easier.  This, therefore, proves that technology is harmful to the education system because it provides ready solutions for the students.  It is argued that with the use of technology in the education system most students are bound to be less productive as they cannot make decisions or generate their individual’s ideas (Miller, 2012).

However despite this argument that the involvement of technology in the school settings in harmful in learning the ability of technology to transform the education system in the modern society cannot be objected.  Through the introduction of technology in the education system, this helps in ensuring that learners are well equipped with better knowledge and tools in making life transition (Thomopoulos, Givoni, & Rietveld, 2015).  Technology cannot be avoided in any sector in the modern living and it is the best tool that offers students with increased knowledge that is not offered in school. The ability of technology in making the education sector more efficient is not the sole role that it plays in this field. In that, technology is now a significant sector towards education.  The higher the advances of technology the higher the associated benefits that it generated towards all students in the different levels of education.  The utilization of technology in the classrooms settings makes it much easier for students to comprehend and absorb everything that is being taught in class.  For instance, the utilization of projections has helped visual learners to understand concepts easily because they do not have to listen without seeing (Thomopoulos, Givoni, & Rietveld, 2015).

In addition, the use of internet in schools is very beneficial for students in carrying out successful research.  The internet offer variety of data that is easy to access for all students thus improving their ability to meet deadlines and engage in most activities (Miller, 2012).  The internet, in addition, provides students with the opportunity to develop skills that are required in the working sector such as Good Corporation.  This, therefore, enables them to gain a taste of the workplace before they get there thus eradicating complexity for fresh employees in most organizations.  The education system currently requires individuals who are ready for competition and development of ideas and technology provides these opportunities to students at ease.  In addition gaining such opportunities is an easy deal as it only requires the availability of a phone that is owned by almost all the students in the modern society (Miller, 2012).

The Use of Technology in the Workplace

Technology holds enormous effects in the workplaces today which can be classified as both positive and negative (Miller, 2015).  It is however argued that technology utilization in the work sector has brought more harm as compared to good as it has made individuals lazy and less productive.  It is thus true to say that with technology utilization in the workplace most individuals tends to depend on its ability in ensuring that everything works.  However, this does not affect the general ability of organizations to be productive as employees are able to work more (Miller, 2015).

Technology in the workplace results in communication advancement.  Communication is very helpful in the work sector as it increases the ability to communicate with suppliers, consumers as well as employees on a good time (Hanks, 2007).  This, therefore, implies that the organization is able to raise its general revenue to a fresh level. Open communication helps in the development of better relations in the business sector thus decreasing cost that would be caused by inefficacy.  However, it is argued that technology affects communication in the workplace since individuals are not able to interact in person. Most individuals will prefer to gather interactions from the internet as a form of leisure than forming better relations with colleagues. This affects the ability of originations to increase productivity through teamwork (Hanks, 2007).

Technology leads to increased efficiency if utilized properly in the workplace.  Speed is very vital in business and this has adequately been enhanced by technology (Hanks, 2007).  The operations of the business can be overseen without fail. However, if employees are not well educated about its utilization in the workplace this may result in malfunctions. In addition, the management of human resources in the work organizations has been simplified by technology.  In that technology assists in ensuring that the jobs of the employees are well classified thus increasing efficiency. However, this benefit is argued out as technology is claimed to be a major player in making the management of human resources in the organizations to be complex and characterized with faults (Hanks, 2007).  However, machines help in classification of data which helps in eradicating the occurrence of errors during management.

Texting and Driving

Mobile devices popularity is associated with unintended and destructive effects.  It is true that technology has grown the transportations industry rapidly and for the benefit off all those that are involved (Goldin, & Katz, 2008). Most of the traffic accidents that occur in the modern society are mainly linked to the fact that most individuals are distracted while driving due texting. This involves the utilization of mobile devices while being involved in driving and these results in life losses as well as injury. Texting while individuals are driving is a social distraction which is a life issue threat in the relation of technology (Goldin, & Katz, 2008).  However, the number of technology has been developed in order to curb the issue of texting while individuals are being involved in driving. 

When it comes to driving and texting technology can be regarded as a destructive consequence.  This is a horrific and a very dangerous occurrence (Goldin, & Katz, 2008). This has been developed by technology that has promoted mobile phones usage. This has caused so much distraction because individuals are more involved in instant texting. Mobile texting for individuals while driving can be considered as a similar conduct of driving while one is drunk. Technology can be termed as the bad development those results in bad effects because it brings more destruction on the road.  Instant texting while an individual is driving can be regarded as destructions and a product of fatalities and injuries as it affects the performance of the brain while one is driving (Goldin, & Katz, 2008).

Conclusion

To sum up, technology has brought so many transformations of the daily lives of individuals.  With technology tasks, performance and development are part of living.  However, the development of technology is associated with both positive and negative changes in the lives of individuals.  In most instances, technology has led to the rise of malfunctions but in most cases, it can be regarded as favorable as it has eliminated the issue of complexity.  It is factual to note that with technology the general production of gods and the access of services have raised. With the increased development in fields such as education, transportation, and business technology is responsible. The use of technology in distinct areas is expected to continue rising with the increase of time.  This will thus continue making the lives of averages persons to be more simplified.  Technology is rapidly changing the lives of individuals and the truth is that this was not expected and thus the changes that might occur in the future cannot be predicted because to come.

            References

Edwards, A. D. (2012). New technology and education. London: Continuum.

Goldin, C. D., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The race between education and technology. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Hanks, C. (2007). Technology and values. Oxford: Blackwell.

Miller C. Claire. (2015). Technology Has Made Life Different, but Not Necessarily More Stressful. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/16/upshot/technology-has-made-life-different-but-not-necessarily-more-stressful.html?_r=0

Miller, P. (2012). The Digital workplace: How technology is liberating work. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing.

Thomopoulos, N., Givoni, M., & Rietveld, P. (2015). ICT for transport: Opportunities and threats.

            Robust Design Using Taguchi Techniques

The robust design approach is additionally referred to as Taguchi method which was founded by Taguchi Genichi (Park, and Jiju, 90).  The method is utilized in developing the general productivity of engineering.  This method additionally assists in ensuring consumer satisfaction through considering all the involved   noise aspects and failure of failure. Robust design fully prioritizes on the fundamental function Development of the products thus helping in the creation of concurrent and flexible engineering designs.  This is regarded as the most effective and authoritative approach to reducing product cost, develop quality and reduce product development intervals (Park, and Jiju, 90).

Taguchi methods are utilized in robust design in increasing product quality and efficiency.  Robust design can be regarded as a method of engineering that is utilized in developing productivity in the process of product research and development (Park, and Jiju, 92).  The idea behind the design is to develop quality and minimize the impacts of variation without cause’s elimination.  Robust development, therefore, works in ensuring reliability and decrease the period of production.  This utilizes the past knowledge as well as production experience to reduce the occurrence of an error during the implementation and development process thus facilitating the development of fresh products (Park, and Jiju, 92).

Robust is utilized with Taguchi methods in controlling design and process factors such as noise value. In real sense product performance is maintained as a consistent thing by the methods.  Taguchi methods help in the provision of analysis and development of fresh designs (Park, and Jiju, 94).  The methods are not only based on fixing the errors of variation because they work in building product robustness. However, the methods are disadvantageous because they utilize more cost in solving noise variables and accept that noise variable is self-governing. Robust design can thus be described as the general mode of making products consistent if the process is subjected to noise varieties. This can be accomplished via experimentation methods thus resulting in improved quality, cheaper products and increased consumer value (Park, and Jiju, 95).

            Work Cited

Park, Sung H, and Jiju Antony. Robust Design for Quality Engineering and Six Sigma. Singapore: World Scientific, 2008. Print.

THE MOUNT OF WIND TUNNEL

Introduction

Wind tunnel is typically large tubes with moving air inside. These tunnels are used for the purpose of copying the actions of an object in flight. Usually, wind tunnels are used by researchers to learn how aircraft will fly (U.K, 2008).  This device consists of tubular passage with the object under investigation mounted in the middle. Wind is made to flow past the object by a powerful fan system or any other means. The object under investigation, often called a wind tunnel object, is instrumented with appropriate suitable sensors. These sensors are used for measuring the pressure distribution, aerodynamic forces, or other aerodynamic-related characteristics. Although some wind tunnels are big enough to the extent of holding full-size versions of vehicles, the moving of air around the object makes it to look its really flying (I.S.U, 2008).

Problem statement

With respect to the above considerations, the purpose of this paper is to study the general effects of air moving past solid objects as well as how the result form this research is applicable in engineering field.

Customers and customer wants

Majority of the wind tunnels are applied in aerodynamics. Therefore the main customers of this research include;

• Aeronautic engineers
• Automotive engineers and,
• Outdoor skydiving facility manufacturing engineers
• Ship and submarine manufacturing engineers

With respect to the above users, the rise/mount of the wind tunnel has wider applications as far as customer needs are concerned. In the field of aeronautics, the main desires of customers are to own or travel in aircrafts which are safer and convenient to use. Thus, wind tunnels are used for the purpose of learning more about airplanes and how things move past air. For instance, one of the main tasks of NASA is improving air transportation. This device then helps them to investigate the ideas for ways of making aircraft better and safer for customers. Engineers can therefore test new materials and shapes for aircraft parts. Equally, prior to flying new airplane, aeronautic engineers must subject it in a wind tunnel so as to make sure that will fly as it is supposed to fly (U.K, 2008). 

On the other hand, customers also desire to travel in automobiles which are much safer. Because of this, automotive engineers use this device in order to access the effects of moving air on various parts for instance vehicle fume exhaust, dust collection systems and so on. This makes customers to be contented in using any automobile.

Quantitative engineering specifications

Engineering specifications are quantitative i.e. are measurable criteria which a particular product is designed to satisfy (Peter et al, 2013). Therefore, in order for them to be unambiguous and measurable, certain specifications ought to contain metric, engineering units and target value.

• Therefore, in this case, the dimensions of the wind tunnel are directly connected to the cross section of the test chamber.
• A squire cross-section of about 0.5m and moving air with a velocity of 30m/s is used.
• Hydraulic diameter is to be computed as D=2is calculated
• The length of the test chamber should be 0.5-3 times the hydraulic diameter
• Moreover, the length of the taste chamber is to be taken as being 2 timed D
• Chamfer the shape edges of the wind tunnel to 45 degrees so as to avoid the reduction of the velocity of the air and increase in boundary layer thickness (S.U, 2008).

List of potential conceptual solutions

For the wind tunnel to work effectively, a powerful fan/s must move air through the tube. Before that, the object under investigation is fastened in the tube so as to ensure that it doesn’t move. This object can either be a small model of a full-size aircraft or spacecraft or vehicle or a common object like a tennis ball (N.R.C et al, 1988).  

Then moving air around the object illustrates what would happen in case the object was moving past the air. The manner in which air will be moving can be studied in different ways i.e. using smoke or dye. Moreover, threads can also be attached so that they can show hoe air will be moving. Some special instruments are used in measuring the force of the air on the object (Peter et al, 2013).

Moreover, for it to work effectively, pressure loss should be considered. Thus the following should be noted;

• First, pressure loss in the constant cross-section area is due to friction.
• Friction and expansion causes pressure loss in the diffusers.
• Pressure loss in the corners of the wind tunnel is due to expansion and friction
• Complement solidity or porosity causes pressure loss in screens.
• Skin friction causes pressure loss in the nozzle (Peter et al, 2013).

 Recommendations

The design procedures of the wind tunnel ought to be taken into the following steps;

1) Defining the test section dimensions as well as the desired flow of air velocity by the test type

2) Designing of the wind tunnel component by the test section criteria

3) Computing the pressure of the components of the wind tunnel (Peter et al, 2013).

4) Estimating pressure losses from the wind tunnel circuit as being the function of the air flow velocity in all the testing sections i.e. in the closed and open configurations

5) Matching the components of the wind tunnel to commercial fans together with energy considerations.

6) In order to compute the velocity of the wind, the following formula is used

            Velocity of wind+ 8.1 (tan q)^^1/2

In connection to that, before the experiment starts, several processes should be taken into considerations. First, it is essential to noted that frictional and pressure drug acts on the wind tunnel. Frictional drug is due to the friction which acts in between the moving gas and the object. Pressure drug is basically the development of eddy currents which are as a result of the air/fluid passing through the object (Peter et al, 2013). This drag will be measured in the tunnel because frictional drag doesn’t get induced at low speeds.

Conclusion

To sum up, wind tunnels are regarded as being the measurement equipments which are used for studying the flow of gases around a body. The forces which are then generated by the air-body interaction through the use of this device assist in measuring the local and global wind tunnel flow velocities and temperature and pressure around that body. Its application ensures that all the structures for instance buildings, vehicles, and aircrafts are much better and safer to use.

Bibliography

Iowa State University, (2008). Computational and Wind Tunnel Studies of Shelterbelts for Reduction of Wind Flow and Wind-induced Loads on Low-rise Buildings. ProQuest Press

University of Kansas, (2008).Low Speed Virtual Wind Tunnel Simulation for Educational Studies in Introducing Computational Fluid Dynamics and Flow Visualization. ProQuest Press

Peter I, Roy D, & David S, (2013). Wind Tunnel Testing of High-Rise Buildings. Routledge Press

National Research Council (U.S.)., Smelt, R., National Research Council (U.S.)., & National Research Council (U.S.). (1988). Review of aeronautical wind tunnel facilities. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press.

Image retrieved from: http://www.slideshare.net/krrbanirudh/wind-tunnel-design

ELECTRIC BELL

Abstract

From time memorial, bells have been extensively used in telephones, doorbells, railroad crossing, school bells, burglar alarms, and alarms in industrial plants although in this contemporary days, they have been replaced with electric sounders. Furthermore, several objects around us contain electromagnets. Since the electromagnet is the working principle of the electric bell, it can be said that this electrical device works by converting electrical energy into mechanical or sound energy.

Introduction

The electrical bell is can be said to be a mechanical bell which operates by the means of an electromagnet. Normally, when an electric current is passed through it, it creates a repetitive ringing and buzzing sound (Avison, 1989). The following sketch shows the internal mechanism of an electric bell

From the above figure, an electric source powers or supplies electric current to the electromagnet which is the main component of the electric bell. The switch which is pressed so as to sound the electric bell majorly acts as the circuit breaker or just the completing the circuit.

Whenever the switch is pressed, the electrical circuit loop is complete which in turn causes current to flow via the circuit.  The arm which is used for sticking the gong is connected to a spring at one end with the iron ball at the other end (Avison, 1989). This is termed as a striker or clapper. During the flow of current when the circuit is complete, the arm is attached to an iron strip that is attracted to the electromagnet.

The main reason for this attraction is because the magnetic field that is created by the electromagnet ends up attracting the iron strip to it when the current is complete. Contrary to that, when it is at the resting position, the clapper or striker is held away from the gong on the account of the spring that is attached to its arm (Hasluck, 2011). This is said to be an anchored arm.

On the other hand, now that we have understood the essential parts in an electric bell, let’s now look at the precise functions of these basic components

1. a) Electromagnet_ after regaining its magnetism, it pulls the armature thus making the hammer to strike the gong again.
2. b) soft-iron armature_ once the electromagnet is magnetized and attracts the soft-iron armature, the soft-iron armature assists in pulling the hammer to strike the gong which is attached to it (Hasluck, 2011).
3. c) Hammer_ the hammer strikes the gong which is attached to it at one end.
4. d) Gong_ The gong which is in the shape of a half-sphere or a cup makes the bell to ring once it is hit by the hammer (Avison, 1989).
5. e) Spring_ which is in the shape of a coil, is used for pulling the soft-iron armature which in return pulls the hammer back once the flow of electric circuit is broken

Step by step working principle of an electric bell

When the switch is closed or pressed, the circuit complete and current flow of current through it.

The electromagnet is powered hence produces a magnetic field which attracts the iron strip to it

The clapper or striker strikes the bell (gong)

When the gong is hit by the striking arm, the contact is broken thus making the flow of electric current through the circuit to stop

This in turn causes the electromagnet to lose its magnetism or magnetic field

The connected spring arm pulls back the clapper to its initial resting position

Contact is restored again and once again there is the flow of electric current through the circuit- as much as the main switch is still closed

The process is repeated again from the start (Hasluck, 2011).

Personal observation, recommendation and suggestions to improve the function, materials selected and the manufacturing process

In regards to the above diagram, the one end of the framework winding gets connected to the terminal T1 and the other to the spring that is fixed on the soft iron strip. The rod is then fixed to the armature at the same time its free end triggers a small hammer that strikes the bell.connected to the screw is a light spring which is joined to terminal T2 (Hasluck, 2011).

Although the modern decorative bells can be manufactured from materials such as wood, horn, clay, and glass, the bells which are designed to play music or ring can be cast in a bronze alloy i.e. the combination of copper and tin. The reason for this is because this kind of alloy produces a strong and long-lasting material which resists rusting.

Contrary to the above views, in order to understand the operating principal of the electric bell, one should first understand what an electromagnet is. An electromagnet is made by winding a wire on a soft iron core as shown in the figure above. Therefore, it should be understood that an electromagnet majorly works the same way as a standard magnet –producing magnetic field –although only through the influence of electric current (WAGmob, 2014). When the generation of power to the electromagnet is stopped, the continuous generation of magnetic field also stops.

Moreover, as a customer buying this device, there is the need of understanding the operating voltage of the electric bell. The reason for this is because each bell is designed for a particular purpose for instance, those meant for industrial purpose usually operates at higher DC or AC while those for residential operate at lower voltages.

Results and conclusion

It is noted that electric bells are relatively environmental friendly. This is because once they are installed and operated properly, they does not result to the production of irritating sounds or just to say sound pollution.

An electric bell, as a bell which is activated through the effects of magnetic fields of an electric current, works on the basis of an electromagnet. This is an artificial magnet that is made through coiling wire around a soft-iron core. When current is made to flow through it becomes a magnet. These bells are of many types i.e. interrupter bells, buzzers bells, single/double-stroke bells, telephone and fire alarms. Each one of them is designed for a particular purpose.

Bibliography

Avison, J. (1989). The World of physics. Cheltenham: Nelson.

Hasluck, P. N. (2011). Metalworking: Old-fashioned tools, materials, and processes for the handyman. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub.

WAGmob, (2014). Grade 7 Science- simpleNeasyBook. WAGmob Press

Retrieved from: http://www.citycollegiate.com/chapter17_Xd.htm

Information Technology in Restaurants

Executive Summary

It is perceptible that in the contemporary hospitality industry, the economic and market conditions have caused a financial crisis. One of the factors that has promoted crisis include consumer behavior which has been changing significantly and incessantly (Dean, 2011). Some of the reasons why the consumer behavior and purchasing habits have been changing include increasing levels of unemployment, fear of the future and the deep recession. As a result, restaurant owners have been sourcing for effective strategies of building and regaining their customers. This is has resulted to implementation of information technology in the restaurants as an approach of enhancing customer services. According to research by National Restaurant Association, restaurant business depends mainly on returning customers which obligates restaurants to have effective way of building loyalty and trust (Huber, Hancer & George, 2010). Therefore, restaurants in the contemporary generation of developing technology are using information to gain competitive advantage to attract and retain their customers. However, it is undeniable that not most of the restaurants have implemented information technology in their operations (Huber, Hancer & George, 2010). These restaurants use traditional methods of reaching their target market which include convenient locations, telephone calls for orders and paper printed menus to display their products. This is the reason why restaurants are currently competing for locations, employees and information regarding their target customers. Most of the restaurants depend on research and development to obtain the desired data about the target market. This means that restaurants need an effective way of extracting data together with high level of services in order to be able to build trust of their customers and gain competitive advantage in the market (Dean, 2011). Therefore, this paper describes the previous approaches implemented by the restaurants and highlights the new findings regarding application of information technology by restaurants.

Introduction     

To start with, it is noteworthy that the capability of the organization to utilize and take advantage of the environmental factors determines the sustainability of the business especially in the times of economic crisis. Therefore, organizations should have an effective structure of the behavior of their customers together with their purchasing habits. By implementing a customer-oriented strategy, the firm is able to define its strengths and opportunities for quality improvement (Dean, 2011). This makes data regarding the target customers of an organization to be an integral factor impacting the operation and performance of the business. To obtain customer information, most of the restaurants focus on social media channels such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter and Google+ (Huber, Hancer & George, 2010). However, it is factual that it is hard to follow the patterns of the target customers using social media because collecting information from the immediate customers is hardly achievable. This defines the importance of information technology to an organization which is facilitating direct contact with the target potential customers. By the help of information technology, customers can access company’s services directly without going to the internet or using login details. This enhances customer services by increasing speed and accessibility thereby promoting competitiveness of the organization and customer retention (Huber, Hancer & George, 2010). Basically, information technology promotes product development, effective communication and processes improvement. On the other hand, the business minimizes some processes such as bookkeeping and online marketing among others. This means that information technology can be used as a cost reduction strategy because it acts as a platform for different processes in a firm. For the restaurants, digital technology optimizes the performance of the business by increasing processes efficiency through organizing, tracking and synchronizing business practices. Therefore, this paper will focus on comparing traditional strategies and information technology/digital technology implementation strategy in restaurants.

Previous Approaches 

In order to gather information regarding the target consumers, restaurants in the contemporary hospitality industry tend to rely on strategic analysis approach (Huber, Hancer & George, 2010). Prior to strategic development, restaurants execute research and development approach in the process of understanding environmental factors that define development of the firm. In assessing the environmental factors, restaurants tend to overlook technological trends and embrace societal trends only. Under societal trends, restaurants focus on emerging attitudes, trending topics in the industry, new fads and demographic changes (Huber, Hancer & George, 2010). This is the reason why most of the restaurants currently are embracing social networking tremendously. Use of social media makes the main difference between the millennials and the baby boomers. Therefore, when the restaurant shifts from traditional strategies to use of social networking, it exhibits that the business has its target market segment from baby boomers to millennials (Huber, Hancer & George, 2010). As a result, the restaurant ends up losing the trust of early customers especially those within the baby boomers segment. Use of social media for strategic analysis especially on the performance of the business is ineffective particularly for a restaurant that serves a wider market segment (Huber, Hancer & George, 2010). For example, use of social media for comments on the services offered by the restaurant from the customers might not collect the desired information from all the customers. As a matter of fact, the information obtained will come from young customers who visit social media channels frequently.

On the other hand, restaurants depend on social media for marketing and to create social awareness for their menus. Research indicates that more than 80% of the restaurants in United States spend considerable amount of their revenue on social media (The Social Savior, 2016). Furthermore, there are more than 900 million visits on online marketing by restaurants annually (The Social Savior, 2016). This case is based on the fact that restaurants believe strong presence on social media is the most efficient way of keeping close contact with the targeted market. As a result, the effectual social media strategy leverages the target customer base which increases the competitiveness of the restaurant in the market. Restaurants use social media platforms such as twitter, Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn, YouTube and Blogger to connect to their customers in the markets served (The Social Savior, 2016). Basically, social media is used by the restaurants to give up-to-date information to the customers regarding the products and services (The Social Savior, 2016). Therefore, the customers can make their decision and visit the restaurant for the selected products and services.

Table of Social Media Platforms Commonly Used By Restaurants

Alternatively, restaurants give their contacts on social media pages where after making a selection, the customer can make an order for door-to-door delivery (Huber, Hancer & George, 2010). Generally, this means that the customer should visit the specific social media platform, and then go to the restaurant’s page to get the desired information. This might be hard and exhausting for a person who is not familiar with using social media. Therefore, it is undeniable that processes involved in using social media can dishearten some customers thus deterring them from accessing information regarding restaurant’s special events and current products and services offered. Instead of minimizing business processes, it is perceptible that use of social media marketing gives rise to more processes. This is the reason why both the customers and the restaurant ought to benefit from the strategy implemented by the restaurant. As a result, information technology/digital technology minimizes business process and brings the restaurant and customers closer.

New Findings         

It is factual that in the past two decades, restaurants feared about the cost implementing technology in their operations. However, in the last 10 years, restaurants have recognized the importance of information technology which is now regarded as one of the competitive advantage factors (Turban, 2005). However, technology has only been embraced by large restaurant chains which have shifted from traditional cash register to automated ordering and payment systems. One of the most important aspects of technology suitable for restaurants is Point of Sale system (POS) (Dean, 2011). The technology has been in the business for a long time; since 1980’s, but businesses such as restaurants have been reluctant to adopt. Initially, orders were handwritten and delivered by hand from the kitchen to the table. In the contemporary world, POS is programmed with the prices listed in the menu corresponding to the items ordered. It is undeniable that POS has a significant impact to the quality and speed of service offered. With the ability to track menu items, and graphic user interface, time is saved while making orders and delivering them. Currently, the POS systems have advanced to improved reporting platforms, input devices (such as smartphones and tablets) and kitchen display devices.

The producers of the systems have taken another step to advance the functions and services offered. For instance, Micros is a POS that focuses on table management. The system has the ability to track table turns, table availability, manage wait list and customer paging (Dean, 2011). It can be asserted that the tasks that were performed by the restaurant staff have been broken down to be shared by both the customers and the waiters. Information technology has advanced the customer self-service in restaurants. The technology helps customers make orders while sitting at their tables without calling the waiter physically (Turban, 2005). The vendors have also produced systems that management production. These systems perform tasks such as menu management, pricing formulation, production forecasts, inventory controls and purchasing management (Hasson, 2015). Basically, these systems focus on labor scheduling by integrating POS system and the desired activities. Furthermore, organizations can use information technology systems in decision-making and strategic planning. Through a single technology platform, a restaurant can manage all aspects of the venue which include reservations, guest lists and inventories among others (Turban, 2005). The technology software used cloud computing integrated with the aspects of the venue is able to collect and analyze the required data in monitoring business performance.

Information technology enables a restaurant to have a computer application that brings customers and staff closer without using the internet. Using the app, it is possible for the restaurants staff to inform the customers about special events, offers, discounts and other promotional strategies. Through this close contact, it is possible for a restaurant to obtain market data directly from the customers from direct feedback and purchasing habit from the application. It is exhibited that though the cost of implementing the technology might be high, some of the restaurants spend more money on advertising in general. POS systems integrate different platforms and functions in a single channel which lowers the general cost of business processes (Dean, 2011). This means that a restaurant can use one computer application for promotional services, tracking reservations, offer order services and gathering market data. For example, restaurant chains such as MacDonald’s spend approximately $900 million in advertising alone. The cost can be unattainable by small restaurants which mean that the only alternative can be adopting information technology systems in their business processes. According to research, small restaurants with less than $5 million revenues spend more than 7% of their revenues in marketing. On the other hand, restaurants which generate more than $300 million revenues spend roughly 3% of their sales on marketing. Generally, this means that the only effective way of lowering marketing costs and getting the same desired results is by implementing information technology. However, though restaurants have exhibited considerable improvements in endorsing digital technology, it is recommendable that they implement effective ways of implementing and managing the appropriate infrastructure that will utilize the technology effectively and for the benefit of the business by minimizing cost (Dean, 2011). It is noteworthy that frequent updating is required while using the new technology in order to continue benefiting from the systems. Currently, there are different platforms for different restaurants which mean that small restaurants do not have to compete with large restaurant chains in investing in the same technology systems.

Unlike social media marketing, use of information technology brings customers closer to the firm together with improving the quality of services thus promoting customers satisfaction. It is factual that social media does not seem to improve the quality of services offered by the restaurants such as accessing the services without the internet. However, the restaurant ought to understand the nature of its customers which will help in perfecting their experience. Strategic implementation of technological factors will enable the restaurant predict the behavior of the customers, gauge their experience, and build the competitive advantage. It is factual that competitiveness of the restaurant determines its success in the market. Therefore, in this industry, competitiveness can be gained through market evaluation, understanding both internal and external factors, and integrating technology in strategic implementation.

Conclusion                                    

Generally, the ability of the business to analyze and utilize environmental factors determines the sustainability and competitive advantage in the market. For restaurants, they tend to focus on societal factors and overlook technological factors. The reason for this is that they fear about the expenses of implementing information technology in their business operations. As a result, restaurants depend basically on social media for connection with their customers because it is more effective and can reach a wider customer base. However, it appears that social media and use of internet basically targets the market segment dominated by the millennials who are familiar with social media issues. Thus, it means that restaurants need a strategy that is applicable and less complicated for everyone in the target market segment. Therefore, information technology offers a platform that helps customers make orders from everywhere without using the internet. On the other hand, it benefits the business by minimizing processes such as bookkeeping and inventory management. Additionally, digital technology offers computer applications that offer several platforms such as promotion, management, and record keeping in one system. Thus, it is undeniable that information technology can be used as an approach of cost reduction in restaurants.

References    

Dean, A.K. (2011). Technology’s Effect on Hotels and Restaurants: Building a Strategic Competitive Advantage. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 12 (1), 72-80.

The Social Savior, (2016). Social Media Strategy & Management for Restaurants, Cafes, and Bars. Retrieved from https://www.thesocialsavior.com/au/social-media-for-restaurants-cafes-bars/

Hasson, B. (2015). Digital Technology for Nightclubs. Nightclub & Bar. Retrieved from http://www.nightclub.com/product-watch/technology/digital-technology-nightclubs            

 Turban, E. (2005). Introduction to information technology. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley.

Huber, M. M., Hancer, M., & George, R. T. (2010). A Comparative Examination of Information Technology Usage in the Restaurant Industry. Journal Of Foodservice Business Research, 13(3), 268-281.  

Appendices

Restaurants Sales Increase After Implementing Information Technology

Question 1

In the 21st century, technology has transformed the working places. The working environment that existed a decade ago is no longer present as technological advancement has completely taken over thus permitting employees and the organization, in general, to interact freely with the global market and even conduct work from a different location (Miller, 2012).  Technological advancement at the work place has brought convenience and developed skills maximum. Technology has resulted in increased productivity and efficiency in the work place.  Time and effort management has clearly been optimized by technology as tasks have been made lighter.  In addition, technology has brought collaboration since communication speed has grown gradually and individuals can connect at any moment and location.  Technology has additionally developed business security level and improved cost management.  This is mainly because corporations can now be able to secure information without being compromised. Despite the positive changes technology in the work place has additionally resulted in negative impacts due to decreased communication (Miller, 2012). 

Question 2

Technological advancement is rapidly growing in the recent years which are raising numerous issues. Technological changes are accompanied by several problems which range from security difficulties, privacy issues, individual’s lives impacts as well as business operation changes (Miller, 2012).  In addressing some of these issues innovation and more technology are thus required which widens the gap of the issues.  Technological changes how the business operates by transforming the manner in which the business operates as more security is required. This, therefore, means that individual’s daily living is changed in that they have to adapt (Miller, 2012).

Question 3

My work place has been changed by technology by developing globalization.  Aircraft communications require rapid responses which have greatly been developed by technology.  Technology in my workplace has helped in reducing delays, increasing communication efficiency and developing employee’s effectiveness through simplifying the tasks.  This has therefore improved the general ability of individuals in accomplishing the given tasks.

            References

Miller, P. (2012). The Digital workplace: How technology is liberating work. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing.