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A Path To Realising My Dreams

             I had to defy all odds to become a writer, a writer’s journey is one full of obstacles and uncertainties, just like the way a soldier matches to the battlefield not knowing what to expect, I embraced writing and matched into an uncertain future. When I was seven years old, I told my mom “I want to be a rock star!” while prancing around the kitchen in a tutu licking chocolate frosting off a spoon and simultaneously singing Our Song by Taylor Swift, to which she replied with a grimace, “oh hunny, that’s not a very good idea.” One day when I was eight, I came home with a piece of writing and announced that I wanted to be an author. It was a horrid piece of work, but I was proud of it and wanted to show it to everyone, my celebratory moment was short-lived and my family did not approve my career choice. Deciding my career path at the adolescence stage was the hardest part, I shifted from wanting to be a veterinarian, a dentist, and even a curator. Eventually, I settled on teaching hoping that this career path would quench my desire for writing.  The path my family had forbidden me to take remained a gentle ringing in my ear.

The moment I switched my major to English Education my family was dumbfounded. My mother told me, “but, Malysha, you can do so much better than that”, and others told me that I should focus my energy on something more “practical”, as if language is not something, they use every day. I still get that strange look from people when I say that I am studying literature and writing a look I am sure most English majors know all too well. Parents are supposed to nurture the dreams of their children at a young age and my parents did the complete opposite of that. My parents crushed my writing dreams by sending me to summer technology and science camps where I was forced to undergo mass amounts of dreaded math classes. If anything, it made me want to prove them all wrong, well, that and my desire to stay as far away from algebra as possible.

However, writing is not as simple as just wanting to prove to someone that it is possible, but instead is something that needs to be cultivated and worked on. From a young age, I have journaled and filled almost half a trunk with scribbled pages bound in old worn covers. Most of the writing is likely unintelligible or filled with mindless childhood drama, but they are filled, nonetheless, and it established a steady flow of thoughts to paper from my mind. I hate to begin writing, but once I start, there is no stopping me. It has always been that way and growing up, English class was always my favorite because it just clicked. Even when my other classes became frustrating and stressful, literature and writing acted as a buoy to keep me afloat in deep water.

Although understanding the English language and learning how to use it in academics came rather easily to me at a young age, the motivation and passion that the little girl in the tutu had to discover the world and share it with others have not been as easy to achieve. When attempting to write something, I can often stare at a blank page for hours and not create one single thing. At times, there will be over a dozen blank pages opened on my computer with my name in the upper left-hand corner in its beautifully elegant and often stifling twelve-point, times new roman font. I will just stare at it; the curser blinking to its own perfect, mocking, rhythm and wonder why my fingers will not type and the words will not come out. Luckily, there are a few prime resources I use to get the power tower of my creativity flowing. My key inspiration is reading poetry. It does not matter if I am writing about what is in my fridge, the view outside my window, or even my obituary; the encouragement I receive from the stanzas of a poem is like music to my inner brainchild.

Ironically, I used to hold a deep animosity towards poetry throughout grade school. There was a time I could read the simplest poem by Shel Silverstein or even Dr. Seuss and be flustered by the complexity and rhythmic qualities that often broke the traditional rules of English writing, rules that had been ingrained in my system as unbreakable. I held resentment for the versification of words in such a free entanglement of syntax and morphology. The kind that evoked a deeper sense of meaning than I wished to explore. I wanted the words to tell me directly what they meant rather than interpret the context, and as a result, I lost the incantatory effects. It was not until I was forced to write poetry myself that I finally grasped the beauty and aesthetic of this form of literature. I began by sitting in front of a blank piece of paper once again, but this time the same rules of language did not apply, and I felt the freedom of the words flow onto the page. It was from that point that I fell in love with poetry, and subsequently, it has seemed to help excite and trigger my writing potential.

My writing process is a mixture of procrastination and productivity. The advice from most writers is to just keep writing, but for me that means staring at a blank word document for eight hours straight, looking up thirty-eight poems in honor of the snail I accidentally stepped on earlier and simultaneously slamming four cups of coffee to stay awake. Each time the way I write changes, and so do my reasons. I think that the more I learn about the world, the more I travel, and the more education I receive, the more I find reasons write, and how I write changes. In one instance I can write a full outline, do a month of research, and spend a full year writing a research essay on the theory why women in the canon of literature are underrated. The next time I write can be completely and utterly different. It can be procrastinating for three years and then writing a whole bibliography on my cat in a single night. In this way, the way I write is also like my exercise routine. Ideally, the goal is to do it consistently for at least twenty minutes a day, but sometimes obstacles come up, and the motivation is just not there. Forcing myself to exercise when there is no catalyst means I will not be putting in my best effort, and so I just stop. After weeks of not exercising, I start to feel sluggish and the same goes for writing. After enough time, the need to stop dawdling and get back to work begins again. However unhealthy that habit may seem, it is my process, and I dwell on the inconsistency of change to keep things from getting mundane.

Despite the inconsistency, the rejection, and the constant battle of finding motivation in a world where everyone tells you what you are doing is not enough, I would not have it any other way. Writing has always been there for me, and I will not betray it. Although it can be a difficult journey at times, I would rather do something I am passionate about than spend the rest of my life disappointing the little girl who spent a lot of time pouring out her soul in her journals and dancing around the kitchen counter. I never got to be a rock star but the life of a writer feels similar to that of a rock star, when I start writing I write as fast as I can just like a professional musician warming up for a performance, they don't worry about accuracy and neither do I. Oddly enough I have made peace with the fact that am yet to encounter a load of rejection, as I continue to write I look forward to a future full of infinite possibilities.

 

1379 Words  5 Pages

 

Creation by Gore Vidal

Creation is an impressive ancient literature novel that is written by Gore Vidal, it was first published in 1981. It is a comprehensive novel of war, politics, adventure, and philosophy. Creation gives a charming outstanding tour of the ancient domain. Vidal has invented ancient fiction provided from the speech of a comprehensively pleasing speaker, whose humor and perception sparkle on each page. Again, Vidal bids a powerful look at an ancient era, pungent since his narrative challenges the expectations of the person who is reading it. Instead of the old-fashioned Greek opinion of the fourth-century activities, Gore presents the Persian clarification.

Like his American series where delusions concerning American democracy in the nineteenth century are regularly nicked, Creation talks about killing the images of Western evolution's honorable Greek legacy (Jörg 100). The story trails the escapades of a fictitious, Cyrus Spitama, an Achaemenid Persian ambassador of the sixth to the fifth century who journeys the recognized world equating the civil and spiritual opinions of several kingdoms, republics and the empire of the time (Andre 96). Throughout his life, he encounters many powerful logical icons of his time, like Socrates, Zoroaster, the Buddha, Anaxagoras, and Confucius.

The novel succeeds to pool, ridiculously, ancient narrative and Limit Cosmology (Jörg 106). The aim of the narrative as Gore Vidal described in his overview was to expound how the notion of formation, of the human relation to the universe, and a structure of morals and legislations grounded on the same advanced essentially, instantaneously through diverse beliefs in the West and the East. He then knew that it was in his theory, the potential for a distinct person to have encountered all these main philosophical and historical icons, even though in the exercise space was way too huge to truly make it occur. Gore Vidal planned the book as a clatter course into proportional belief but typically because he believed it would be overwhelming to transcribe a book somewhere you might meet Zoroaster, Confucius, Socrates, and the Buddha.

Gore Vidal uses various materials in his novel to explain creation. For instance, Culture Clash is illustrated as the running refrain of the novel, the circumstance that various beliefs even in the historic world have diverse means of dealing with the world and considering the complications of conception (Andre 106). Cyrus Spitama, grandson of Zoroaster, regardless of his own spiritual philosophies journeys transversely the world and he meets various beliefs and philosophies and records resemblances and opinions of difference. The prolonged Backstabbing Condition was what people suffered from example, for Cyrus Spitama, the storyteller of the book, he is extremely unfair. Greeks have this disorder as a usual disorder, seeing that several of its previous leaders first sort Persia's backing but in the future, it spits on its pity.

Vidal uses the greatest history that is never told (Vidal, Peabody & Lucinda 80). The book gives a stiff look at the dwellings of past that mainly Hollywood Account disregards, presenting a more compound, the related image of the Prehistoric World than one would else believe. For instance, Persia pre-Alexander is revealed as a huge multi-cultural Kingdom whose partisan sustenance is wooed by numerous Greek city federations, comprising Athens, and some overthrown legislators. Greek dictators come to Persia after they are withdrawn or beaten, so much that it develops nearly a Running joke. The novel also defines the existence of democratic societies in Early India. Creation furthermore scrutinizes various belief structures and displays a less Hollywood Account form of it, with the Buddha and Buddhism exposed to be uninterested in human anguish all together plus which he confirms as a model to hope to. Historical conqueror advancement is also illustrated, From a Western perception, Xerxes, Darius, and Persian culture all together get this. These cultures are revealed to be more composite and exciting than more well-known accounts note would permit.

The main subject in Creation is about the matter of the ancient outlook. In the introduction of this novel, through Cyrus Spitama irritated at Herodotus' explanations in front of the Athenian scene, illustrates the point in a good manner (Vidal, Peabody & Lucinda 86). Herodotus had remembered the Persian battles with a distinctly Greek prejudice, adoring the Greek rashness and, to Cyrus's awareness, twisting the truth. Assumed the timeline of this novel (creation), Herodotus might have been a kid while the actions he talks about so expressively happened. His determination, nevertheless, to intensify Greek loyal zeal, awards him permit to exaggerate as he decides on his spectators. No other person is knowledgeable than he is, he accepts in the deceits, hearing what garbs their anger. As Spitama by his notation to Democritus discloses his remarks of the same actions, the reader starts to distinguish the delicate nature of ancient truth.

Creation suggests that a lot of history entails the observations of unfair spectators, (Vidal, Peabody & Lucinda 84) covered with ancient reviews to garb the desires of future generations. The entire query of chronological validity relies on the place and fact in time the viewer inhabits. The question also depends on statements and counter statements one can at all times pick their favorite clarifications. Herodotus, on one hand, talking in front of the Greek gathering, cannot be relied on as an unbiased observer (Andre 169). Instead, when Spitama declares that his interpretation is true, grounded on his broader understanding of actions and his greater scope of awareness, he doubts if his words will be recognized without suspicion. History assists, or can assist, the historian's resolutions actually, all proofs submits to the viewer's understanding. Creation proposes that although history is the addition of proofs, it is similarly an addition of narratives.

Spitama, persistently belittling the Greeks, quotes their unending quarreling, spitefulness, and greedy character as the actual source for constant battles with the Persian Realm (Andre 160). In disparity, he praises the Persians' endeavors: the extensive peace which their empire keeps, their kind patience to substance peoples, the virtual prosperity and wealth their regulation nurtures, the magnificence of majestic court life. Certainly, Creation illustrates a prominent image of the fourth-century earth that produced the Socrates, Buddha, Anaxagoras, Confucius, Herodotus, and Darius. Amongst the figures Spitama steps gathering knowledge and skill from productive beliefs and purifying them into a standardized interpretation of his glowing age (Behrendt 90). Vidal's explanation proposes crucial matches among Spitama's era and the current, simple abilities in human actions that stay unaffected over time, uncomplicated fibers in the ancient interlace that persistently progress over the fabric.

Vidal is the expression of intelligence and purpose (Susan & Gibson 220). He is not anxious with exposing the desires of the emotion, his desire is for governmental reality, and faultless style. The way Buddha and Buddhism are worked on within this book, Vidal uses blue and orange morality (Andre 99). A viewpoint afar from all human imaginable concerns. In this philosophy, characters have an ethical background that is so completely strange and alien to human knowledge that we cannot group them as good nor evil. They are not a confused unbiased unrestricted, however, they may appear to perform frighteningly haphazardly, nor are they essentially a legitimate unbiased restrained, since our understanding and their understanding of law as an idea might not even be equal.

Vidal is steadfast he has the knowledge of different cultures and religion but that does not sway he believe he concludes that; he says things in his style since he does not believe in anything like a true account of everything (Susan & Gibson 56). He goes ahead to say that every person understands the world from his personal vantage opinion. It is also pointless to say, sovereignty is not the greatest residence from which to outlook anything excluding the backs of prone men. Vidal then claims that everything turns out hostile, in the end, nonetheless that is the harsh nature of things finally.

Taking into account the beliefs, culture, and knowledge of people that we are living with is the best idea to have so as one can be unbiased while taking his own decision. In Vidal's novel creation Spitama’s has traveled all over the world and has encountered great men like Socrates and he has heard from them what creation is to them. Everyone has the right to express their feelings and perception toward nature and creation and not be intimidated by those in authority so that they can follow their beliefs. Icons in authority should also be unbiased, they should take into account what their citizens believe and respect their beliefs also. No one has the ideal knowledge of creation but creation depends on individual perception.

 

 

Work cited

Baker, Susan, and Curtis S. Gibson. Gore Vidal: A Critical Companion westport, Con      Greenwood Press, 1997.

Behrendt, Jörg.homomosexuality in the Work of Gore Vidal. Münster, London: LIT, 2003.

Droogers, Andre. Religion at Play. Place of publication not identified: Lutterworth Press, 2015.

Droogers, Andre. Religion at Play: A Manifesto. Wip and Stock Publishers, 1901.

Vidal, Gore, Richard Peabody, and Lucinda Ebersole. Conversations with Gore Vidal. Jackson:   University Press of Mississippi, 2005.

 

1511 Words  5 Pages

 

Man from Wall Street

 

Introduction

Dressed in a custom made expensive looking suit which you could tell by its material and how well it fitted, slowly walks this man from Wall Street. The year is 1988 and you could tell that the man is wealthy just by how he dressed and the perfume he wore. You can notice his brown leather official shoes that looked so new and shiny. He is walking along this eight block long street and since it is just some minutes after four o’clock you can tell that he is coming from work headed to his apartment. He takes off his coat since the evening sun is a little bit too hot. You notice his shiny silver Rolex watch when he removes his cufflinks and starts rolling up the sleeves of his shirt. He puts his coat on his shoulder and continues to walk slowly and majestically.  

The man’s hair has partly fallen off leaving him with a bald head rash. Wrinkles on his face and hands can be seen. You can notice that the man’s back is slightly hunched and maybe that is the reason is not able to walk fast. Long grey nose hair is protruding from his now red nose that has changed color because of the sun. His sagging stomach cannot go unrecognized. His long unkempt and unshaven beard makes him look older than his probable age.

On his way to his apartment he enters a coffee shop, puts his coat on a chair, sits down and waits to be served. Since most of the people are coming from work the coffee shop is busy because everyone wants to be served. The man sits for two minutes and when no one comes to his table to serve him, he looks at his Rolex watch and starts to rant. He is ranting of how he is a daily and loyal customer and no one is coming to serve him. He says he should not be left unattended for more than one minute. He continues to angrily shout saying that he does not care if the attendants are busy, he should be served anyway. He calls them unqualified claiming he pays their wages because he is a daily customer and spends a lot in their shop. Everybody in the coffee shop is looking at him now because he is speaking at the top of his voice. He regards everybody in there as poor people who come to fill the place and only spend a few dollars. By now you can tell by how he speaks that he is so full of himself and only cares about himself. The manager comes to his table to try and calm him down and before he could even talk to him, takes his expensive coat and leaves.

Three blocks down is a casino, he walks past it then turns back and gets in. He goes directly to the roulette, buys some playing chips and starts to play. He orders for glefiddich which is an expensive whisky brand and a cigar. He wins the first and second round and is so happy and boastful of how he is the best at the game. He goes to the washroom, comes back to the table and continues to play. This time he loses big time, places more money and does not win. At the rate at which he is smoking his cigar now you can tell that he is really frustrated and upset. He plays some more rounds and luckily he wins, getting more than what he had initially lost. He celebrates his win for a while and his greed for more makes him get back to the game with all that he had won and in one round all is gone. He has nothing left on him at this point. He walks out of the casino to his apartment, frustrated and maybe thinking to himself that the next day he would trade and make profits, come back to the casino and get what he had lost.

Conclusion

Despite him looking and smelling expensive, the man from Wall Street is old. He is so self-centered and disrespectful. He is a gambler and a greedy one. He wins a huge amount of money and still wants even more. He is a judgmental and bossy man and thinks he is the best and should be treated better than other people.

 

 

 

 

 

 

737 Words  2 Pages

A novel titled, Of Mice and Men is written by John Steinbeck in the 1930s during the great depression in California, America. The main topic in the novel is loneliness in relation to injustice and dreams that never came true. Curley’s wife, Candy and Crooks are the three main characters in the novel and are used by Steinbeck to show the impact of loneliness to human beings. All the characters experience, and face problems and have negative feelings due to loneliness and being isolated.

 George and Lennie are friends and are the two main characters in the novel. They travel and work together in a ranch and share the same dream of one day owning a ranch. The two characters are used to describe the fate of workers in the ranch. George is presented to be a brilliant man who takes the role of being a parent and takes care of Lennie who is a simple minded person but one with a huge physical strength.

From the beginning of the novel the characters are brought out to be very lonely. For example when George says that guys like them who work in ranches are the loneliest guys in the world. He says they have no family and don’t belong to any place. In the period of depression from the 1930 in America, this fate is common when workers have to travel long distances to look for work. Through their friendship, George and Lennie are driven to find relief in each other in order to get away from loneliness, which is an accepted part of human life. Lennie recalls saying that you have to have somebody to talk to and one who cares about you.

Loneliness can change somebody’s behavior, thoughts and even every day’s actions. In the novel Of Mice and Men, loneliness changes the characters in many different ways. Crook is a strong example of this changes. His character is presented to be extremely isolated and marginalized. The fact that that he is the only black man, often called” nigger” living in a ranch at a time when racism against black people was acceptable in America. From the early stages of the novel we find out that Crook is being verbally abused by his boss and that he lives alone. Despite all this he keeps his room neat and tidy. Loneliness and unfair treatment has really affected him such that he suspects any kindness that he receives. He tells Lenny that he should not come to his room since he is also unwanted in the bunkhouse. Lenny’s interaction with Crooks shows how difficult it is to understand racial discrimination in that period in America. Having been born in California, Crooks had equal rights but always felt like an outsider. The treatment he receives sometimes makes him angry and cynical.

Crooks brings out the loneliness and despair experienced by the other characters saying that a guy needs someone near him and goes nuts if he got nobody. He goes on to say that a guy gets lonely and sick and it does not matter who the guy is. This shows Steinbeck’s logical evidence to play on the human need for company. Crooks treatment makes him think that people are motivated by their own interest and does not believe anyone who dreams and hopes that they will one day have their own ranch. He is marginalized, pessimistic, resentful, and fearful and a “nigger” but still has a dream and believes that one day he will enjoy his childhood again.

Candy another character who is a lonely handyman with only one hand as a result of an accident is worried that his bosses will see him useless and demand him to leave the ranch. An important aspect for Candy is his relationship with his ancient dog. Their relationship represents the future of the people who will not achieve their dreams. For the best years of his life Candy has spent on working on someone else’s ranch only to lose a hand and get little money. His loneliness is seen when he says he has nothing and no relatives and also his desire to talk to George shows how lonely he is. His relationship with his dog that was once a sheep herder is now toothless, foul smelling, very old and will not let him go brings out the picture of his loneliness. When Curley’s wife dies, Candy is affected by loneliness again and is angry at her and blames her for ruining their dream. He is sad because he knows his dream for friendship and company is now broken.

Curley’s wife, is a character in the novel that does not even have a name and is initially seen as the possession of her husband. In the novel they were never shown together. We are only told that she is a good looking lady who wears expensive make up and very attractive dresses. Being the only woman in the ranch she is lonely and sad. She reveals that she is unhappy in her marriage because her husband is only interested in talking about himself and seems to care so little for her. She talks of her broken dream of becoming a Hollywood star. She wants people to talk to her and give her attention and flirts openly with the ranch workers because she is lonely, bored, frustrated and wants to make her husband mad. While flirting, she cuts out Candy because of his old age, Lennie for being “dum dum” and threatens Crooks with a lynching. She talks of every lost opportunity when she gets a chance to speak. She struggles to find people to talk to and could do anything imaginable to let go of her loneliness. In the end she dies of an accident because she was not aware of Lennie’s curiosity in soft objects like her hair.

Throughout the novel Of Mice and Men, the reader gets to know all the sources of loneliness, mainly being discrimination and prejudice. In the end of the story, all the characters discover ways to deal with their loneliness but are still victims of isolation. Steinbeck compares the loneliness of the three characters, Crooks, Candy and Curley with the friendship of George and Lennie and believes that the topic of loneliness has been well presented. All the characters had hope at one point and because they lived in the same ranch they could have depended on one another, made friendships and end loneliness. Due to their pessimism they could not and no one finds a friend. In the end George is obliged to kill his only friend Lenny but he makes sure he dies happy. Steinbeck presents a very sad story such that in the end everybody dies or lives alone. He presents Slim to be very supportive of George’s sadness and makes us hope for their friendship or maybe wonder if their fate will be one of loneliness.

1155 Words  4 Pages

 

Dehumanization in ‘The Lottery’ by Shirley Jackson

Dehumanization is a concept that is often ignored in the society especially in cases where traditions are involved. Many times in the society People are deprived of compassion, civility and individuality that they deserve as human beings all because of traditions. A good illustration of dehumanization that occurred because of rituals and beliefs is with ‘Holocaust’, where innocent Jews were killed all because of perverted beliefs. ‘The Lottery’ by Shirley Jackson is a story that brings out the issue of dehumanization as a result of traditions, people in the small town made a choice to engage in inhuman act of killing one another, pointing to tradition as an excuse. Traditions and rituals are often used as an excuse for societies to engage in dehumanizing activities as is illustrated in ‘The Lottery’ and the case of the Holocaust. People do not take time to understand the truth behind these traditions and they get passed on through generations causing destruction and inhumanity in the society.

 ‘The Lottery’ is a story about an annual lottery draw that happens in a small town in rural America. The lottery is held every year and instead of the winners getting awarded with money or other tangible rewards, they are stoned to death by the rest of the community. This is tradition that has been practised in this town for more than seventy years and it has come to be accepted as a way of life. The residents of this town blindly follow this tradition without acknowledging the negative impacts that it has when it comes to matters of humanity (Whittier, p. 62). When the story begins, the small town is described using symbols that signify beauty and an idealistic community ‘flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green’ (Jackson, p. 1). as you begin reading the story, one does not expect that something as horrible as murder would happen in this beautiful town, given the way that it id described. It is only after you continue reading and learn about the lottery tradition that you discover the dehumanization that happens in the community.

 Tradition is used as a motivation of this dehumanizing tradition in the story. Jackson illustrates that the original manual that was followed during this tradition was lost years ago ‘The original paraphernalia for the lottery had been lost long ago’ (Jackson, p. 1). Much of the tradition has been lost an illustration of how out-dated the tradition is (Ismael, p. 29). The black box that is used for this tradition is old and even though Mr. Summers has advised on getting a new black box made, the people do not like the idea ‘for fear of upsetting the tradition that the black box represented’  (Jackson, p. 1). The black box in the story is used as imagery; it is a symbol of death and darkness of the lottery tradition. The black box is what holds the key between life and death for all the residents in this small town and no one wants to go near it (Jackson, p. 7).

By touching on the concept of tradition, Jackson is trying to illustrate that traditions are sometimes the things that hold people together. Traditions as is illustrated in this story are what links generations of families for decades. However traditions as is illustrated by the lottery tradition can also be destructive if they are followed blindly (Whittier, p. 65). The lottery tradition can best be described as a ritual murder and the people have come to accept it as a normal act, assuming that they need the ritual for the survival of the town (Ismael, p. 29). They do this without considering that the people that are killed because of the tradition are innocent and that there is no truth to the traditional assumptions of the ritual. The black box that used for the lottery even though it is old and the original one was lost, people still use it as an excuse to stone and kill one another every year (Ismael, p. 30). Though the residents use tradition as excuse for their lottery, the true traditional purpose of the lottery has been lost. Every element of this tradition has been forgotten and the only thing that is left is the concept of murder.

The lottery is similar to the witch hunt that happened during the holocaust. In the holocaust, the Germans and their allies allocated themselves the power to decide who lived and died. The Jews were innocently killed because of a belief that the Germans were a superior race and so had power over the inferior races like the Jews (Robinson, p. 4). The Germans and their allies did not consider the morals of their actions and its effects on the Jews as human beings. The lottery and holocaust are both acts of violence against innocent civilians all because of barbaric beliefs. The actions in both situations are inhumane as innocent people are killed all because of barbaric beliefs. There are those people in the story that have tried speaking against the tradition like Mr and Mrs Adams who indicate that ‘Some places have already quit lotteries’ (Jackson, p. 27). The names of the resistors are significant in that they represent Christianity, meaning that the activity that was happening in this society was against God’s teachings (Robinson, p. 10). This story helps to illustrate how progress can be deterred by traditions.

 The residents in this story have not made any meaningful progress in their lives, instead of becoming more enlightened, they continue to be stagnated in a tradition that do not have any meaningful cultural elements (Robinson, p. 10). This tradition is out of place given that this story is given a modern setting, the residents understand that it is just rite but they still continue to engage in it. The lottery is continued not as a tradition but as progress, the young people are ignorant and regressive (Robinson, p. 10). This is why they do not give in to the idea of change that is suggested by Mr Adams. This story depicts enlightenment as a self-deception among people that are controlled by barbarism.

Jackson brings out the issue of patriarchy linking it to the theme of dehumanization within the story using Tessie. The character of Tessie who helps to illustrate the gender roles in this society, a woman is expected to conduct domestic tasks that cause her to be late for the lottery (Robinson, p. 6). Tessie is a representation of a rebel because she does not follow the rules that have been set for the lottery. For one she is late to get to the lottery, second she tries to force her daughter who is married to draw in the second round with the Hutchinsons (Robinson, p. 6). And lastly she protests and complaints of unfairness in the lottery instead of facing the prospect of death with dignity. It is hence the belief of the residents that Tessie won the lottery as a punishment for her defiance and her attempt to speak against the tradition (Robinson, p. 7). Mrs Delacroix on the other hand is presented as a selfless and independent voice that defends equality when she is just actually defending immorality and murder.

What is worse about the lottery is that children are included in it, they are taught right from when they are young to perform the tradition. Children are taught to collect the best round stones to commit murder, they are forced to watch and even participate in the stoning of innocent people. ‘As Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, the other boys followed his example, selecting the smoothest round stones’ (Jackson, p. 2). The concept of the children collecting stones highlights the concept of dehumanization among the people in this town even further.

‘The Lottery’ is a warning story of how traditions if followed blindly can lead to dehumanizing acts. In most cases as is illustrated in this society, traditions are followed without reasoning or stopping to question the ethics behind the tradition. All throughout the story, the villagers do not at any time stop to question why the lottery tradition is more important than human life. This is the same thing that happens in the modern society; sometimes people do things all because their forefathers did it even if it is unethical. It is important that people examine some of the traditions that they follow to understand the effects that they have on the society around them, in order for people to lead ethical lives.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

Ismael, Zaid Ibrahim, and Sabah Atallah Khalifa Ali. “Human Rights at Stake: Shirley

Jackson's Social and Political Protest in ‘The Lottery.’” (2018). International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature,

Jackson, Shirley. The Lottery. , 2008. Print

Robinson, Michael. “Shirley Jackson's ‘The Lottery’ and Holocaust Literature.” MDPI,

            Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 25 Feb. 2019,

Whittier, Gayle. “‘The Lottery’ as Misogynist Parable.” Women’s Studies, vol. 18, no. 4, Jan.

            1991, p. 353. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/00497878.1991.9978842.

 

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1513 Words  5 Pages

 

Analysis of ‘The Cremation of Sam McGee’ by Robert Service

‘The Cremation of Sam McGee’ by Robert Service is a poem that helps to illustrate the problems that people who live in the Arctic wilderness struggle with. The poem is about Sam McGee and his friend in a freezing winter in Yukon, the two came in search of Northern gold all the way from Tennessee. Sam does not like the cold and he ends up freezing to death, before he dies he illustrates his friend to cremate him as his dying wish So I want you to swear that, foul or fair, you'll cremate my last remains’ (Stanza 5 line 4). All this is because he detests getting buried in the frozen ground helping to bring out the theme of death in the poem. The speaker has to keep his promise to Sam after his death, something that is very difficult given the ground is frozen and making a fire is not an easy task. The speaker is hence to take a trip to find a place where it would be easy to cremate his friend Sam. He is forced to carry Sam’s heavy frozen body all through his trip and it is an illustration of his dedication to keep his promise and hence brings out the theme of loyalty in the poem.

As soon as he finds a good spot, he begins to burn Sam and he is disgusted by the task, he decides to leave the body to burn on its own. He is shocked when he comes back to see of the body had burn up to find Sam alive and well. This part of the poem is confusing in that it is not understood whether the speaker is hallucinating or what he sees is real. The extreme weather condition could have affected the speaker to appoint where his mental capacity was unstable, this is evidenced by ‘And I’d often sing to the hateful thing, and it hearkened with a grin.’ (Stanza 9 line 4). The speaker in this stanza illustrates that he could see the corpse of Sam smiling at him, something that is not possible.

This poem has fifteen stanzas that cab be described as quatrain except for stanza one and fifteen given that they all have four lines. The rhyme scheme in the first stanza is irregular but all the other stanzas have regular rhyme scheme. Various literary devices have been used throughout the poem; personification for instance is evident in the first few stanzas, ‘The Arctic trails have their secret tales’, (stanza 1 line 3). The arctic are in this case personified to look like human beings that can keep secrets. Assonance is evident in the repetition of the vowel sound /ou/ in ‘Howled out their woes to the homeless snows Howled out their woes to the homeless snows- O God! how I loathed the thing’ (Stanza 8 line 4).  There is also repetition of sound /a/ in ‘A pal’s last need is a thing to heed, so I swore I would not fail’ (Stanza 6 line 1). Consonance is also evident in the poem for instance in sound /n/ in ‘Since I left Plumtree, down in Tennessee, it’s the first time I’ve been warm’ (Stanza 14 line 8) and also repetition of sound /r/ in ‘There wasn’t a breath in that land of death, and I hurried, horror-driven’ (Stanza 7 line 1). Refrain is also a poetic device that has been used in the poem where the first stanza has been repeated in the last stanza.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

Service, Robert W. “The Cremation of Sam McGee by Robert W. Service.” Poetry

Foundation, Poetry Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45081/the-cremation-of-sam-mcgee.

 

617 Words  2 Pages

 

‘The Mother’ by Gwendolyn Brooks

Abortion is an issue that has brought about arguments over the last decade. There are two sides to the debate, there are those that argue that a woman has a right to do what she wants with her body and so they support abortion. There are those others that argue that life begins after conception and so abortion is murder and they are hence against abortion. However arguments on abortion should basically be left for the women to decide what they want because at the end of the day, they are the ones that experience it. ‘The Mother’ by Gwendolyn Brooks is a poem that cannot really be classified to be against or for abortion. This is a poem that basically narrates the experiences of a mother that undergoes an abortion; she regrets her decision because she loves being a mother. But she also argues that what she did was necessary and there was nothing she could have done about it. The narrator of the poem is a mother who is very poor and she help to illustrate how abortion denies a woman the chance to experience motherhood and how it affects them emotionally.

‘The Mother’ is a free verse poem that has no prescribed form. It has no regular meter and its lines vary in length. Application of the free verse concept allows for rhyme to be deployed and withheld where necessary. Rhyme hence becomes a way for the readers to track the emotional state of the speaker all through the poem. There are those moments when this mother is hopeful and resolved, in this case rhyme flows and there are those times when she is doubtful and exhausted, lack of rhyme helps to reflect these moments.

In the first stanza, the mother explains how the decision of having an abortion haunts one forever. The mother defines how abortion denies one the chance to see her children grow and experience parenthood. ‘You remember the children you got that you did not get, you will never neglect,  beat them, or silence or buy with a sweet’ (line 2-6). She indicates that the decision to undergo an abortion causes the emotional and intimate connections that are made between a child and a parent to become non-existent.

The second stanza is more expressive as the mother speaks in first person about how the abortion causes her to feel like a murderer. ‘I have eased My dim dears at the breasts they could never suck. I have said, Sweets, if I sinned, if I seized Your luck And your lives from your unfinished reach (line 2-6). She feels like she killed her children without even getting a chance to see and take care of them. In this stanza, a detailed description is given on how a mother experiences the concept of motherhood and the feelings that comes with being a mother. In line (11) she indicates ‘Believe that even in my deliberateness I was not deliberate’ in this section, the mother seems to regret her decision to undergo an abortion indicating that it was not a well thought out decision. She however indicates that the mistake that she already committed cannot be reversed and so she has to accept what she did and move on.

The last part of the poem is an indication of how much she wanted to have the children even though she had an abortion.  In line (1), she indicates ‘Believe me, I loved you all’, the use of the world ‘all’ is an indication that having this mother had several abortions and they were not intentional, she only did it because she had no other choice.

Gwendolyn Brooks was born in the year 1917 in Kansa but later moved to Chicago. She published her first poem at the age of 13 and it is when her career in poetry began. Her poems were meant to give voices to the marginalized voiceless people in the society especially the black people. Her concept however changes as she grew older and she became more political and this is what motivated her to write the poem ‘the mother’. This poem was written years after abortion was legalized and by writing this poem, Gwendolyn was showcasing her feminist nature. She used this poem to bring to light the emotional effects of legalizing abortion on the mothers. She used this poem to give women a voice to tell their story and experiences with abortion.

This poem is about the experience of a female, it is based on the experiences of a woman aborting a child and the personal guilt that comes after. This is a poem that has often been championed by those that speak against and for abortion. This poem provides an easy interpretation but at the same time offers a look at the problems and the issues that come with abortion debates. The narrator of this poem is a mother and this can be illustrated by her sensitive, sentimental and loving way of expressing concepts in the poem. She sounds like an experienced mother who has been through the process of bringing up a child and so she understands the pleasures that come with raising a child. Phrases such as ‘winding the sucking thumb’ and ‘scuttling off the ghost’ suggest her experience as a mother. This is a poem about loss and the attempt that mothers make to refresh the memories of their children that die through their choices to undergo an abortion. Addressing the children directly is a way for the mothers to keep the memories of these children alive even though they did not get the chance to actually live.

 This poem is an illustration of some of the psychological torments that women who commit abortion go through. Going through an abortion is wrong and this fact is supported by this poem. It denies a child the chance to experience the pleasures of childhood and it also robs a woman a chance to experience motherhood. Even though women that undergo abortion always have their reasons for doing it, this does not ever erase the effects that it has on their lives. Abortion is wrong and every woman should always try to avoid it under all circumstances. As is illustrated in the poem, abortion is something that will always haunt mothers the rest of their lives, thinking about what would have become of these children that they denied a chance to live. A child deserves to live and experience the pleasures that come with childhood; it is the role of a mother to give them this chance by bringing them into the world.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

Brooks, Gwendolyn. “The Mother by Gwendolyn Brooks.” Poetry Foundation, Poetry

Foundation, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43309/the-mother-56d2220767a02.

 

1124 Words  4 Pages

 The scarlet letter

Introduction

 The scarlet letter illustrates the theme of sin.  Several situations in the novel illustrate the theme. First, Hester Prynne waits for her husband in vain and decides to make love with Reverend Dimmesdale.  Her adulterous sin comes to light when she gives birth to her child.  The second situation that illustrates sin is when Roger Chillingworth seeks revenge and destroys Arthur Dimmesdale for making love affairs with Hester. These characters violate moral standards, and sin affects their life physically and mentally.

            Hester Prynne is the protagonist and an adulterer.  She is sent to America by her husband, who never follows her.  Due to the husband's absence, she creates a love affair with Dimmesdale and becomes pregnant. To her, adultery is not only a sin, but it is a thing that separates her from the community.  She is isolated, and the community does not treat her as a normal woman.  In chapter 5, she says that "the days of the far-off future would toil onward... (Hawthorne, chapter 5). This shows that Hester her past sin has destroyed her future life.  She has a shameful experience and life of alienation.   In the community, she is a symbol of frailty and lust.

 Roger Chillingworth is a malevolent character who develops an evil vengeance.  When he arrives at Boston and finds that his wife is a disgrace to the society due to committing adultery, he demonstrates a true evil by destroying the life of Dimmesdale.   In chapter 3, he says that "it irks me that the partner of her iniquity should not, at least, stand on the scaffold by her side (Hawthorne, chapter 5).  Chillingworth acknowledges that his wife Hester committed adultery, but her love should also face the punishment.  He also acknowledges that his wife is beautiful and attractive, and therefore, any man could love her. Rather than solving the matter with Dimmesdale, he psychologically tortures him and makes him suffer from grief and anguish.

Conclusion    

Sin is the most significant theme in the novel. Sin does not only affect the sinner, but it also affects other people.  First, the sinners suffer greatly since their experiences mental and physical pain. The more the sinners hide the sin, the more they suffer.  This indicates that it is important for people to be honest and repent to become free.  The sinful nature also reveals that sin and guilty go together since the sinner develops an emotional experience after violating the moral standards.

 

 Work cited                                                                                                                                               

 Hawthorne Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter:  a romance. Samuel E. Cassino, 1892

424 Words  1 Pages

 

Comparison to a Literary Work: The Maze Runner

Introduction

When watching a book-based film, it is common to notice their similarities and differences. During the adoption, certain things are altered to ensure a fast flow of the story for easier understanding. In a comparative literary analysis of the book The Maze Runner written by James Dashner and its movie adaption by Wes Ball, some similarities and differences are evident. First, the personalities of the characters from the book are described differently throughout the movie. Additionally, certain events within the plot of the movie are narrated differently while the theme remains the same. The book and film are different in terms of characterization and plot but they retain the same theme. With respect to The Maze Runner, even though the film and the book are slightly different the movie is a great adaption of the book since the events are more connected.

The films alter the characterization of the book to present a visually appealing story but both share the theme of bravery. According to Qomaria, Suyadi and Kurniati (154) in the film, Alby being the camp leader is charming and friendly towards Thomas as he takes the responsibility of acquitting him with the surrounding. He is in control of the team and the situation and holds a strong presence that helps in calming his followers. However, in the book, he is presented as a hostile and aggressive character as he goes through the transformation process. Throughout the book, he does not have a strong character as he is frightened by the outer realm as he has witnessed the catastrophe that waits once they have cracked Maze. The fear of getting back to the real world deters him from supporting Thomas and Newt in searching for an exit. On the other hand, Gally remains the same throughout both versions as he is presented as arrogant and boastful. However, while the book did not make it clear about the ending, the film uncovers Gally as the spy. Also, Thomas is more passionate, assertive and curios in the film than in the book where he tends to complain and cry in most cases (Qomaria, Suyadi and Kurniati 155). He realizes that he does not fit within the Glade and ambitiously and courageously venture into finding his way out.

Moreover, for the plot, certain events are presented differently in the film than in the book. The spirit of the team is more inclusive and practical in the movie. The team works collaboratively and they quickly accept Thomas as one of them (Ball 14:02). The desperate need to solve the Maze is visually relatable in the film which pushes the plot forward and hence there is no boredom. However, in the book, the team is always aggressive and bitter and the plot mainly focuses on the hierarchal power. Also, the solution of cracking the Glade is different in the film since it presents an easy version to crack the complex code. The book relies on word patterns but in the film, a key is found in Griever after Thomas kills it.

Conclusion

In summing up, the film is a better version of the story than the book. The events in the films are more connected. The book, however, offers more in-depth details with regard to complex ideas such as coding, unlike the film which is limited by time.  Both adapt slightly different characterization and plot but tell the same story of bravery as the characters must confront the challenge and solve the Maze. The characters unite to derive a solution that requires jeopardizing their lives.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Work Cited

Qomaria, Dewi, Suyadi Suyadi, and Kurniati. "An Analysis Of Moral Value In “The Maze Runner” A Film By Wes Ball 2014." JELT: Journal of English Language Teaching 2.1 (2018): 153-161.

Ball, Wes. The Maze Runner. IMDb, 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1790864/

 

 

 

646 Words  2 Pages

 

The Theme of Nostalgia

Oblomov is the second novel by Russian writer Ivan Goncharov which was first published in 1859 Oblomov’s Dream is chapter nine of part one of the novel. The main protagonist in this novel is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov who has been portrayed as the ultimate incarnation of the superfluous man. Oblomov is a young and noble gentleman who is seen as a character who experiences difficulties when it comes to making important and serious decisions. All throughout the novel he rarely leaves his room and bed and in the first 50 pages he only manages to move from his bed to the chair. The Death of Ivan Ilyich was first published in 1886 by Leo Tolstoy and has been considered as a masterpiece of his late fiction that were composed shortly after his religious conversion. This novel tells the story of a high court judge in the 19th century Russia and his suffering and death from a terminal illness.  Nostalgia is a theme common enough in Russian literature, in Oblomov’s Dream the protagonist is not able to adapt to the realities of life and new times and he is nostalgically clinging to an idealistic world and memories from his past.  The Death of Ivan Ilyich mostly concerns the protagonist and the fear for his mortal life. The protagonist of these two fictional works are the orchestrators of their own undoing, their reflection on the past is as a result of the actions that happened back then.

In Oblomov’s Dream the protagonist is constantly dwelling in a world he has partly invented, this literature master piece conveys the deep meaning of a tragedy of a person who has been at the junction of time and has refused to exist in the real world and find salvation from his own fantasies and dreams.  The protagonist sets his mind in an idyllic world (Jones, 48). This can be referred to as nostalgic of him. It is in the dream that the protagonist asks the question “why am I like this?”. In the dream he also sees wonderful pictures from his childhood. The art of relieving his childhood memories is sign enough that he is longing for those past days. The Death of Ivan Ilyich explores the inevitability of death. The heart of the novel explores the denial of the main protagonist and the ways he refuses to accept his mortality (Tolstoy, n.p). The act of failing to accept that his death means that the main protagonist is still clinging to the memories of the past and wants to relieve those days despite the fact that he cannot go back to those days (Tolstoy, n.p). Instead he has to face his own death that is right in front of him.

According to the social standards that were set in the 19th century in the novel The Death of Ivan Ilyich, it can be concluded that the protagonist can be perceived as a role model for others in the society. In the whole story up to a certain point the author portrays the protagonist as someone who is contented with his life nevertheless his terminal illness forces his to reassess his whole world to an extent the novel show the protagonist lived a shallow life, particularly “he only amused himself pleasantly and decorously” the author quotes (Tolstoy, n.p). Despite this the protagonist continues to view himself as a successful individual who has achieved every goal he set out to achieve; nonetheless, as the story continues to unravel he discovers that he has been a shallow person who has failed to bring value into the lives of others. This moment of self reflection can be termed nostalgic in his mind he is longing for the days that have passed and how things would have been done different if he had added value into people’s life. His reflection on the life he lived is the reason he is afraid of his mortality.

In Oblomov’s Dream the whole chapter can be referred to as nostalgic since it has been set as a dream which transports him to his childhood memories since this dreams brings with it the potent presence of nostalgia, dream and fantasy (Wigzell ,96). Types of dreams that have often been identified include nostalgic dreams, which transports the dreamer back to a certain point in his life, the dream is senseless and contradictory, nearly forty pages have been dedicated to the dream where the protagonist recounts his spoiled childhood which he longs for.  The pastoral theme invoked in Oblomov’s dream is in form of nostalgia in the lost idyllic world of childhood (Jones, 49). The present the protagonist is in the fixated urban world of St. Petersburg; however, duty demands that he goes back to his rural scene to embrace the responsibility of looking after the neglected lands that he has inherited. The Nostalgia of the return can be referred to as less pure and can be seen as an effort on the side of the author as he tries the show the pathological and overprotective childhood the protagonist had to explain the indolence of Oblomov’s mature years.

In conclusion, the theme of Nostalgia is a very common theme in Russian literature.  Oblomov’s dream is a whole chapter in the novel Oblomov written by Ivan Gocharov, the main protagonist is transported to his childhood memories to manage the neglected lands that he has now inherited. In the dream the protagonist is dwelling in a world which he has partly invented. The protagonist is nostalgically clinging to his childhood memories. The Death of Ivan Ilyich was first published in 1886 by Leo Tolstoy, the novel revolves around the main protagonist who has discovered that he has a terminal illness and cannot come to terms with his own death that is ahead. The protagonist reflects on his life and is nostalgically wishing that he had added value to the life of people in the past. The main difference between these two works of literature is that the protagonist in one is in an idealistic world while the other protagonist is in the real world. These two protagonist look back at various memories in their lives that have led to their current state.

Works Cited

Wigzell Faith. (1990) Dream and Fantasy in Goncharov’s Oblomov. In: McMillin A. (eds) From Pushkin to             Palisandriia. Palgrave Macmillan, London

Jones, Malcolm V. The Cambridge Companion to the Classic Russian Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.             Press, 1998. Internet resource.

Tolstoy, Leo, Richard Pevear, and Larissa Volokhonsky. The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Other Stories. New             York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print.

1102 Words  4 Pages

 

Catherine the Great

Introduction

Catherine the Great was originally a German princess and later married to the Russian royal family, and later turned into one of Russia’s most important leaders. In the Western world, she is well known for her numerous extramarital love affairs (Meehan-Waters 293-307). She was married to Peter III, who ruled Russia from 1728 to 1762. Her 32-year reign from 1762 to 1796 made her very powerful as well as one of the most famous rulers since Peter the Great (1672-1725). Catherine II was born Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst in 1729 to a German royal couple. She exhibited high intelligence even from an early age, and she often employed rational thinking, which irked her tutors most of the time as she always wanted to find logical explanations for sacred beliefs. This would later show itself in her passion for Enlightenment philosophy. Thus, although Catherine ruled in a patriarchal society that belittled women, she was not only courageous but also possessed an admirable intelligence, substantial charm and lively energy which made her an exceptional leader. 

She was invited to St. Petersburg in 1744 by Empress Elizabeth, who acted as Russia’s czar from 1741 to 1762. She asked her to meet her nephew, Karl Peter Ulrich, who was later named as Peter III and was then the heir to the Russian throne. When the empress met her, she liked her and decided to choose her to be her nephew’s bride. As her family was not that prominent back home, it was easy to convince her to renounce her allegiance to Germany. Also, she was a protestant, which made it easy to convert her into the Russian Orthodox. She agreed to and was renamed Yekaterina Alekseyevna.

Peter and Catherine married in 1745. Peter had grown in Germany and considered himself a German as he hated Russia and everything associated with it (Smilyanskaya). They both hated each other. However, they had one child named Paul born in 1754. Empress Elizabeth mostly raised the child. Catherine grew detached and restless, which prompted her extramarital affairs. Empress Elizabeth died in December 1761, which led Peter to be crowned czar. Peter, upon assuming power used to speak German and disrespected Russians which didn’t go well with his subjects.

Catherine organized a bloodless coup d’etat, which Peter never resisted and was captured and under house arrest, but was mysteriously assassinated a few days later, Catherine denied ever being involved (Meehan-Waters 293-307). There are several theories on the causes of the death of Peter, but none can be confirmed precisely. Apparently, Catherine was not really saddened by the death and was just worried about the consequences the death would have on her political career. Publicly it was known that he died of natural causes a claim that no one disputed.

Upon assuming the throne, it was clear that Catherine was not going to relinquish it to her son when he came of age. She made her first successful move by forming the Russian-Prussian alliance. In 1763 Poland’s King Augustus III died, which prompted the alliance to back Stanislaw II Augustus Poniatowski, Catherine’s former lover, to succeed him. As a result of this, Poniatowski remained loyal to Russia. This was a stunning move from Catherine. She also had military victories in Turkey on top of the Annexation of Crimea in the year 1783. This reinforced Russia’s control over the Black Sea’s Northern Coast.

She also introduced various domestic policies that improved the status of women; for instance, she made Princess Dashkova the head of the academy of arts and science. She also opened several schools for women. Her main aim was to systemize the country’s class structure. She enacted the 1785 charter of the towns; this meant that wealth determines the number of rights one had. Nobles were given more freedom, for instance, freedom from corporal punishment. However, she failed to free the serfs. She never abolished serfdom as this would turn the nobles against her.

Catherine’s main influence on Russia was that she expanded its borders and continued the westernization process that had been commenced by Peter. During her ruling, she stretched the Russian empire by extending to both the westwards and southwards and included territories such as Lithuania, Belarus, and Crimea. The agreements between the country and other states such as Austria and Prussia resulted in three major Poland partitions of 1772, 1793 and lastly 1795 (BBC 1). The agreements extended Russian borders significantly across central Europe and created even more opportunities for the nation.

Initially, Catherine served as a social and political reformer but later grew into a conservative as she aged. For instance, in 1767, Catherine organized the Legislative Commission in the bid to classify Russia’s law, a process that resulted in the modernization of life in Russia (BBC 1). She offered her instructions to the commission in a large liberal report that outlined the empress’s dream of a perfect government. However, the commission did not produce any desirable results leading to the eruption of a fight in 1768 opposing the Ottoman Empire and offered a great chance for its disbandment (BBC 1). The rebellion gathered huge support across the western territories in Russia until 1775 when it was stopped by the Russian military (BBC 1).

Catherine’s realized her intense dependence on the nobility to assert control on the Russian population and prompted several reforms focusing on their serfs and land. The Charter to Nobility of 1785 recognized them as a distinct estate in Russia and upheld their freedoms and privileges (BBC 1). In this context, she withdrew the concerned she held previously as a social and political reformer regarding the challenges faced by the serfs even though their rights and status were deteriorating further. Her main interests lied in culture and education and she corresponded with established thinkers in the period such as Diderot and her art collection acts as the foundation of the popular Hermitage Museum.

As a female leader Catherine faced many obstacles prior to becoming the Empress and during her entire reign. She was the first female ruler in Russia in a society that was dominated and controlled by men. She lived in a period when it was believed that women belonged within the domestic space and hence, her competences were widely doubted initially and she fought to prove her opposes that she was not only a great ruler but a patriot as well who prioritized on social reforms. As Peter’s successor, she was accused of being the source of their unhappy marriage and playing part in his assassination. Her personal life was used to undermine her abilities and authorizes. She was popular for her sexual affairs than the affairs of the state but she was devoted to expanding the country’s empire. Her achievement was often obscured by her outrageous personal life as she was known to having several partners.

Catherine the great was an influential leader who believed in using nobility to mobilize the support of the public. Her leadership belief is best illustrated by the quote ‘’ Power without a nation's confidence is nothing.’’  She vowed that she would not use any force to make herself a feared leader as a means of achieving cooperation and support. The quote illustrates the need to gain the support of the public in order to achieve prosperity. A leader that has no support of his or her follower amounts to nothing since leadership is not about power but the people. In other words, her leadership was exceptional as she sought to reflect her achievements by transforming the lives of Russians.

To sum up, Catherine died on 6 November 1796, and her son Paul I succeeded her. There has been a deep hatred between the two, therefore Paul wanted to exact revenge on her mother when he came to power. He accomplished this by making the law of succession, and this made sure that no other woman will ever rule Russia. As a result, Catherine the Great remains to be the first and last of her kind and a truly unique leader not just for Russia but the entire world.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

BBC. Catherine the Great (1729 – 1796). BBC, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/catherine_the_great.shtml

Meehan-Waters, Brenda. "Catherine the Great and the problem of female rule." The Russian Review 34.3 (1975): 293-307.

Smilyanskaya, Elena. "Russian Warriors in the Land of Miltiades and Themistocles: the Colonial Ambitions of Catherine the Great in the Mediterranean." Higher School of Economics Research Paper No. WP BRP 55 (2014).

 

1421 Words  5 Pages

12 Angry Men

 

Introduction

In the play, the 12 Angry Men, a set of twelve jurors have to decide on a case in which an eighteen-year-old boy is accused of stabbing his father to death. A guilty verdict would lead to a death sentence, and their decision must be unanimous. At first, even of the twelve judges are convinced of the boy's guilt and vote guilty, but gradually through a heated discussion, they are swayed to support the not-guilty decision. Thus, arguably, based on the conduct of the jurors, humans are afraid of change as they are drawn to conformity.

Jurors are expected to make independent decisions based on their professional experience and expertise rather than for personal reasons. A case must be proven beyond any doubts through the evidence for the jurors to take a verdict. Conformity refers to the change of one's beliefs or behaviors as a result of factual or abstract peer pressure. In 12 Angry Men, conformity is dominant throughout the play. In the beginning, a few of the jurors are hesitant to make a decision, and slowly, they began to support the guilty verdict as a result of mounting pressure from their colleagues. Only one of the jurors voted for not-guilty based on the existence of some reasonable doubt while the rest conformed to the need to fit in within the opinions of the majority. Initially, the eleven judges appear prejudiced as their decisions are based on substantial evidence in support of the majority's ruling. For instance, Juror 2 states," I just think he's guilty. I thought it was obvious from the word 'Go.' Nobody proved otherwise (Boulanger-Mashberg 40)." Based on the statement, the judge does not believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the evidence presented shows that the boy is guilty as he is conforming to the influence of the majority.

Prejudice, fear, and weakness are likely to deter justice from being served. One juror stands on an independent decision alone as he examines and questions the evidence presented by the prosecutor and witnesses. The previously confident guilty team begins to sway and acknowledge the adverse consequence that their flawed choices would have upon the life of another person. Juror 8 asserts," It is difficult to keep personal prejudice out of a thing like this… It always obscures the truth." The juror acknowledges that based on the sensitivity of the issue, it is possible that the trust is being blocked by personal prejudice. He adds," no jury can declare a man guilty unless sure (Boulanger-Mashberg 34)." In this case, it means that prior to making the guilty decision, they should consider the extent to which the existing evidence proves so or otherwise.

Conformity in the jury room is a hazardous weapon. The jurors conform to the opinion of others to avoid appearing as deviant. The jurors only seek evidence that confirms their beliefs and expectations, thus ignoring the disconfirming evidence. For instance, the eleven jurors believed the boy was guilty, and they failed to recognize that it was impossible for the witness to hear the boy say," I'm gonna kill you" due to the noisy train (Boulanger-Mashberg 41). The evidence of the case would have been the basis of decision making since it would have disconfirmed their overall expectations, which had been overlooked initially.

 In conclusion, the jurors were driven by conformity in their decision making as they did not want to appear as deviant. At first, the majority won with a guilty verdict, but following a closer examination of the evidence, the single juror swayed all the other into a non-guilty verdict. Thus, it is evident that conformity obscures justice since jurors make a decision based on their personal judgment while ignoring confirming evidence.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Work Cited

Top of Form

Boulanger-Mashberg, Anica. Reginald Rose's Twelve Angry Men. Vic: Insight Publications, 2010. Print.

Bottom of Form

 

 

649 Words  2 Pages

 

Social Identity in ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley

Social identity can best be defined as a person’s understanding of who they are based on their social groups. Everyone in the society tends to be classified into a certain social group and they are the ones that shape their pride as well as their self-esteem. Shelley in her book ‘Frankenstein’ brings out the concept of social identity through the monster created by Victor. The character of the monster is motivated by the fact that he does not fit into any social class and so everyone including his ‘father’ rejects him. People are products of their social environments; the society has a great role in shaping an individual’s identity. An individual that is treated wrongly by others in the society, end up becoming evil and selfish.

In the novel, Shelley presents different social classes that constitute the social order. Victor for instance is a member of the upper aristocratic class; he describes his family as having being there for many years as ‘counsellors and syndics’ (Shelley, p 51). The Orkney Island is used as a representation of the low social class and the upper class adopted women from the low class as a way of trying save them from poverty. Women like Caroline, Elizabeth and Justine were adopted into Victor’s family as a quest of trying to help them rise in social status (Shelley, p 56). The criterion that is used to select them is however unfair and also superficial, the women were selected because of their beautiful appearance, meaning that the people that were assumed not beautiful remained in poverty all their lives.

The upper class in the novel have to work hard to maintain their power in this society. They then are forced to marry amongst each other; something that victor classifies to be incest and is against it (Shelley, p 31). Victor is expected to marry Elizabeth, whom she considers to be her sister and this scares her. He constantly avoids this union and it is what motivates him to leave his home to go pursue his career in science. The fear of incest and procreation with Elizabeth is what eventually leads Victor to create a monster (Hustis, p 52). Victor believes that if he is able to create life, he would be able to procreate on his own without having to marry Elizabeth. The concept of class and physical appearance is further seen even outside the family with Henry who is a merchant’s son (Shelley, p 56). Henry is Victor’s friend despite the fact that he is below his social status; he is only accepted by Victor because of his good looks and fine manners.

This concept of class greatly applies to the creation of Victor; the creature does not fit in any class within Frankenstein society. He is neither human nor an animal and this is one reason he is classified as species that has never been seen before (Bernatchez, p 63). Right from the beginning, he judged harshly by his creator because of his appearance and do not even take the time to understand his character. The perception of Victor and the whole of Frankenstein society is based on Christian beliefs that an evilness in an individual begins right from birth. The creature on his part thinks that the human mind is good and he therefore rates himself as good (Bernatchez, p 95). His mind set however changes when he sees his face in the pool, he was terrified of his looks and realised why other people do not approve of him. The reaction of the creature after it knows how it looks is a good illustration of the power that physical appearance has on the 19t century society. People during this time greatly valued physical beauty much more than the character of an individual and it is one reason why only beautiful people were selected to join the high social class (Bernatchez, p 113).

The reaction of the people towards the creature is rude and also violent. He is severally attacked in the novel all because of his appearance, which helps to illustrate the concept of harsh rejection was common during the early nineteenth century. This concept is best explained by the ‘physiognomy theory’ that indicates that the physical appearance of an individual determine their character, an individual that has a malicious character is expected to have a disgusting appearance (Hustis, p 67). The process of determining self-worth can be nearly impossible especially when it is combined with feelings of desertion and disregard. Victor abandons his creation and the responsibility that he had towards it, leaving it to take care of itself in a new environment. The monster is forced to take care of itself in its first delicate days of life and it meanders around hoping to discover itself and learn about the world. The monster develops moral integrity and individuality even without Victor; however its understanding of the world and its role in it is unusual (Bernatchez, p 64). Without Victor, its parent who was supposed to teach it about the world, the creature ends up gaining knowledge through painful personal experience that shape its evil character.

This novel is an illustration of how an individual’s upbringing shapes the moral sense of an individual. Obtaining identity is a unceasing process that is shaped over time through life experiences, social collaboration and support moments. The cruel nurture of the creature and the negligence of his parent have direct consequence on the creature, leading it to be evil (Hustis, p 72). Victor is to blame for the character of the creature; his abandonment right from the beginning is what motivates its opinions, choices and activities. Both Victor and the monster struggle to distinguish their worth and placement in the world, they challenge to gather any understanding of personal uniqueness. The personal dilemma that Victor is struggling with effects his creation of the monster. He creates the monster as an duplicate of his identity crisis that leads to both ethical and human devastation (Britton, p 7).

The unsteady identity of Victor and his responsive instability is obvious right from his youth and it is what influences the life of the monster that he creates. Although he is intelligent and talented, Victor allows his mind to become corrupt and he drifts away from his family and friends. He allowed his intrigue and curiosity of science to control him and in the process he lost his identity (Britton, p 9). Victor end becoming a loner as he falls into a realm of personal falsification and boundless scientific development. To shun away his personal struggles, Victor put all his effort towards his creation. This is a tactic that is common among people that come from families that are broken, all of which were experienced by Victor (Hustis, p 64). He creates another being to try and mend the broken chain of his own family, hoping to create another family where he would be much more comfortable.

It is possible that the character of the monster would have much different if he had someone to guide him into the right path. If Victor has established clear and distinct guidelines for his creation, he would have been turned out to be a much different character (Hustis, p 54). The effect that an infant has when they are exploring the world for the first time has a great influence on their habits, thoughts and their future lives (Bernatchez, p 124). The abandonment of the creature by Victor caused him to learn through observation and assumption; he does not truly understand what is right or wrong. The society treats him with cruelty, rejection and abandonment, and these are the things that shape his character. The way that the society treats him, helps him to understand that his existence is not wanted and that he will never become part of this society.

The choices made by Victor and his creature are what led to their painful lives. The identity crises that was faced by the monster was initiated by irresponsibility, sculpted parental negligence and were all fuelled by lack of identity on the part of Victor. Victor disregarded his responsibility as a parent to the monster and this caused the evil character in the monster that ended up destroying his life. This text is a lesson to every individual to always take responsibility for everything that they do or create. Parents should always be there to guide their children in life because this is what helps shape the kind of individuals that they become in life.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

Bernatchez, Josh. “Monstrosity, Suffering, Subjectivity, and Sympathetic  Community in

Frankenstein and ‘The Structure of Torture’” Science-Fiction Studies. July 2009. Vol 36.

Britton, Ronald. “Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: What Made the Monster Monstrous?”

Journal of Analytical Psychology, vol. 60, no. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 1–11. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/1468-5922.12126.

Bailey, Ronald. “Victor Frankenstein Is the Real Monster.” Reason, vol. 49, no. 11, Apr.

2018, pp. 56–62. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=128081701&site=ehost-live.

Hustis, Harriet. “Responsible Creativity and the Modernity of Mary Shelley’s  Promethus.”          Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. Baltimore: Autumn 2003.  Vol 43, Iss 4.

Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Mineola, NY. Dover Publications Inc. 1994. 

 

1536 Words  5 Pages
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