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Urban Warming Slows Tree Growth and Photosynthesis

Introduction

From the research carried out urban warming has been seen to reduce the rate of growth in trees and the ability of trees up taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Insects are part of the problem of slow tree growth but heat too has been researched to be a contributing factor. Urban warming is as a result of global warming that has been brought about by peoples interfering in the ozone layer. Ozone layer depletion has caused global warming which is intensified in cities which are much congested compared to rural areas which are rather forested thus less heat exist there. Urban warming is mainly caused by anthropogenic activities which can be reduced but people continue to increase them thus depleting the ozone more and ensuring warming is possible. This warming not only affects the cities but aquatic environments as well since the warm water affect the aquatic species and does not support their growth. Global warming has also led to melting of glaciers therefore increasing waters in the oceans and causing flooding and in the end floods destroys peoples’ crops and property. Therefore global warming has been a major problem currently since it is a global problem and thus has affected the cities more since cities are congested and lack vegetation cover. Vegetation cover is important in ensuring that people get fresh air since carbon dioxide is absorbed by the plants especially from the industries found in cities. Therefore this paper will focus on discussing how urban warming leads to slow growth in trees and reduces the rate of photosynthesis.

Cities are usually warmer compare to rural areas and this condition is known as heat island effect which is caused by global warming. Thus urban warming increases the chances of survival of plant eating insects which feed on trees and cause harm to them and in turn slow their growth. The warm climatic conditions favor survival of these pests that cause harm to the trees from the research carried out by students from North Carolina State University (Meike et al, 1). As the global temperature increase, different types of pests evolve which are favored by the temperatures and thus end up eating the trees and reducing chances of trees growth.  This has been a concern since trees are important in the urban areas as they act as carbon sinks. This means that trees are the main carbon dioxide absorbers in cities since the rate of carbon dioxide generation is much because of the congested vehicles, people and industries. Burning of fossil fuels in cities is in large quantities because the numbers of vehicles increases each day since people have refused going green and prefer vehicles that consume carbon fuels (Meike et al, 1). The industries are many in cities that emit carbon dioxide and other gases which is unfortunate since the levels of carbon dioxide increases which in turn lead to global warming therefore causing the heat island effect. As a result of the heat island effect, pests are able to survive which reduce the chances of survival for trees which are needed much in the cities where carbon dioxide levels are on the increase each day. Pests that attack trees have continued increasing and they are resistant to drugs since the weather conditions have allowed their growth and increased chances of their multiplication and continued survival.

The pests or insects that eat trees ensure they suck off all the nutrients from the tree thus trees cannot survive. Such pests are herbivores and include the pine processionary moth and the pine beetles that feed on tree nutrients for survival (Watts & Robert, 77). They suck all the energy thus ensuring the tree cannot grow further and eventually cause death to the trees which are of importance to the city atmosphere. For example growth of the gloomy scales indicates presence of the pests which will take in all the tree nutrients and eventually result to death of the tree which would have helped in cleaning the city polluted air. Thus pests prefer warmer areas since warmer areas increase chances of their survival and reproduction rates (Meike et al, 1). Thus increase in the global temperature will cause more pests and in turn result to reduced number of trees in our cities which is an environmental problem since trees are ecologically important. In cooler areas from the experiments and research carried out, the rate of chances of pests’ survival is low compared to warmer areas. 200 pests are seen to survive in warmer areas more compared to cooler areas therefore indicating that the heat island effect is the major contributing factor to survival of pests in cities which in turn kill the trees (Stinziano et al, 426). Pests are the biggest threat to growth of city trees since they suck all the nutrients and energy from the trees and causing death to the most valuable trees. In order to solve this problem, the environment should be conserved thus reducing the high rates of global warming which in turn reduces the chances of the heat island effect. Pests should not kill the most beautiful trees in the cities and thus scientists should come up with solutions which will ensure the trees are safe from the pests regardless of the climatic conditions found in cities.

Another effect of urban warming on growth of trees is the fact that the warmer temperatures reduces the chances of some trees getting water and other nutrients from the roots and transport them to the other parts of the plants for example the leaves (Teskeyet al, 1670). Trees need water for them to survive and when these two are absent the trees will die. Thus people should plant more trees in the cities, water them till they mature and ensure they survive in order to deal with the problem of heat island effect which has contributed to the increased species of pests that kill the trees. Trees which are infected with pests and those infected with pests look different since the infected ones have less branches. From the research carried out trees in hotter areas infected with pests or non infected have less trunks that trees in cooler areas which have thicker trunks and thus has high biomass. Strong trees have thick trunks which indicate they are healthy and thus urban warming causes reduced trunks in trees and in turn reduced biomass thus trees remain unhealthy (Dawes, 2006). Pests’ invasion in trees is the major problem brought about by urban warming but the temperatures too reduce the trunks of trees even if they are not infested by the pests. This indicates that urban warming is harmful to the growth of trees since it reduces the chances of trees to intake carbon dioxide thus reducing chances of their survival and growth. Due to increased anthropogenic activities that result to global warming, the rate of carbon dioxide in tree growth will continue being down thus causing growth of trees with less carbon and more pests.

Trees are very important in the atmosphere as they act as carbon sinks thus cleaning the air by absorbing carbon dioxide, provides habitats to both animals and plants, provide shade and mostly prevent global warming through filtering the air and causing precipitation during evapotranspiration. Trees during photosynthesis take in carbon dioxide thus reducing the concentration of unwanted carbon dioxide which is a major green house gas that causes carbon dioxide. Mature trees are rather not affected by the issue of urban warming unlike the immature trees which are killed by the pests that invade them (Marzluff & John, 258). Photosynthesis is reduced by global warming which in turn reduce the numbers of trees in the cities where trees are needed so that they can filter the polluted air. Water is needed during growth of trees and thus luck of water as a result of warming indicates reduced chances of survival of the immature trees since they cannot survive without water. Thus global warming reduces the chances of trees getting enough water which will lead to their growth until they mature. Trees in the cities are faced by challenges since pests invade them unlike those trees in cooler areas that pest species find unsuitable for laying eggs and surviving. The pest species in urban areas are unique and are not found in rural areas since they prefer warmer conditions for their survival and growth.

Trees are important since they have an aesthetic value thus ensure the cities look green and beautiful. Infested trees with pests are not beautiful and thus scientists and researchers should come up with drugs that ensure trees survive regardless of the climatic conditions (Costello et al, 67). These drugs should ensure the eggs of the herbivorous pest species die in order to reduce chances of their survival since they lay many eggs and end up multiplying thereby endangering the tree species. The drug should ensure the trees are safe and it should be environmentally friendly in order to avoid other environmental problem that could lead to outbreak of other pest species. They should also come up with pest resistant trees that will endure the harsh climatic conditions in the cities and by doing this they will save the trees which are important and have an ecological value. Urban planners should ensure they research well before planting tree species in the cities since planting the trees that only survive well under cool conditions will only reduce the survival chances of those trees (Falkner & Robert, 120). Trees that do well in warm areas should be planted in the cities since cities are warm thus the climatic conditions will support growth of the tree species. Urban warming which is mainly caused by inexistence of urban forests should be prevented through growth of lots of vegetation cover and trees. Vegetation cover and trees through evepotranspiration contribute to precipitation and thus enough water will be provided for growth of the vegetation and the warmer cities will become cooler. Reducing the rate of carbon fuels will greatly reduce chances of global warming. Reducing the rate of industries and congestion in the cities will reduce amount of carbon dioxide and other green house gases produced thus preventing global warming and in turn reducing the rate of heat island effect. Trees are important and should be prevented from being invaded by the species so that they can be useful to the cities.

Conclusion

Urban warming is a threat to our city trees since it only contribute negatively towards their growth and survival. Trees from warmer areas from the research have less chances of survival compared to trees from the cooler parts of the world. Thus urban warming increases the chances of survival of plant eating insects which feed on trees and cause harm to them and in turn slow their growth. Urban warming is caused by a number of factors mainly from depletion of the ozone caused by anthropogenic and natural activities. Anthropogenic activities contribute much towards global warming especially in the cities which are congested and thus much heat is retained there. Growth of trees in the cities is hindered by some reasons such as lack of enough water to support the growth of trees, reduced rates of photosynthesis in trees and increased survival of herbivorous pests that feed on the trees thus slowing their growth. Trees have ecological importance since they are habitats to different wildlife, filter polluted air and act as carbon sinks and without them especially in the cities the rates of carbon dioxide will increase and in turn more heat and unwanted carbon dioxide retained. Thus the problem of global warming should be solved in order to ensure that trees grow and mature in the warmer areas without the problem of heat island effect as one of the hindrances.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Work cited

Falkner, Robert. The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley             Blackwell, 2013. Internet resource.

Costello, Laurence R, Bruce W. Hagen, and Katherine S. Jones. Oaks in the Urban Landscape:   Selection, Care, and Preservation. Richmond, CA: University of California, Agriculture       and Natural Resources, 2011. Print.

Meike.E, Youngsteadt.E, Dunn.R &Frank. D urban warming reduces aboveground carbon             storage,2016retrievedfrom      http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1840/20161574

Dawes, Melissa A., et al. "Soil Warming And CO2 Enrichment Induce Biomass Shifts In Alpine Tree Line Vegetation." Global Change Biology 21.5 (2015): 2005-2021. Academic    Search Premier. Web. 20 Oct. 2016.

Teskey, Robert, et al. "Responses Of Tree Species To Heat Waves And Extreme Heat Events."    Plant, Cell & Environment 38.9 (2015): 1699-1712. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20             Oct. 2016.

Stinziano, Joseph R., and Danielle A. Way. "Combined Effects Of Rising [CO2] And       Temperature On Boreal Forests: Growth, Physiology And Limitations1." Botany 92.6          (2014): 425-436. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Oct. 2016.

Marzluff, John M. Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction between         Humans and Nature. New York: Springer, 2008. Internet resource.

Watts, Robert G. Global Warming and the Future of the Earth. San Rafael, Calif.: Morgan &       Claypool Publishers, 2007. Print.

 

 

2180 Words  7 Pages

Thick Face, Black Heart

Chapter 1, 2

In life, people’s positive behaviors are controlled and governed by the law of nature known as ‘Thick Face, Black Heart’ (Chu, 1994). This law of nature helps people to have inner strength which play significant role of connecting the true self with compassion, self-assurance and intelligibility. The law of nature helps people to stay focused, to be effective in their action and to achieve their goals. However, in order to achieve goals, people should not put concern on other people’s dreams but rather they should understand their own path (Chu, 1994). At this point, note that Think Face acts as a shield as it protects a person from being disheartened by criticism and unconstructive opinions of other people. Black Heart acts as a spear in that it provides strength and courage during hard times and so a person is very committed and works with a common goal no matter the roadblocks or war cost. A black-hearted person takes the risk and he or she is ready to learn from mistakes. Generally, the law of nature acts as an essential tool in dealing with realities of spiritual and material world (Chu, 1994). The author asserts that in order to achieve the law of nature, people must redefine the natural state. This is because; the nature state is affected by inner images and external pressures. Thus, in preparing the ‘Thick Face, Black Heart’, you need to break the Constraints, reexamine the inner conviction, and gain self observation as well as self knowledge. These factors will help to gain motive, avoid arbitrary standards, and gain true- and imposed standards (Chu, 1994). Other important point is that in order to apply the law of nature in the nature state of true self, people must have the courage of success and accept failure.  Inner strength is important as it provides a clear understanding of reality and a person is able to view things with a positive insight and to live with a positive idea of perfection (Chu, 1994).

Chapter 3, 4, 5

Dharma is the sustaining force in the universe and it controls people in doing the proper actions.  In following the law of nature, Dharma controls the actions through one’s consciousness (Chu, 1994). When doing actions, the natural law helps people to gain an insight and to act accordingly with the best ability. Dharma helps to act in an ethical manner in that people build trust and ability to achieve the perfection. Nature’s law states that before doing an act, people must consider the consequences of the action.  Dharma provides   protection and sets people free from misfortune.  In life, people compete between good and evil and thus, dharma offers control and strength to enter in the battle courageously and virtuously (Chu, 1994). This means that Dharma acts a guiding force toward victory.  During trials and errors, people are able to recognize Dharma and to act in accordance with the universal will. This means, Dharma provides guidance and to act positively in order to produce positive results. The author assert that when doing any action, the goal is to achieve effectiveness or in other words to fulfill the law of nature (Chu, 1994). It is always advisable to do things which we love most but it is hard to do that due to lack of self discovery. Thus, in order to reach to the destiny out of the Dharma, people need to have a divine plan of life and develop personal consciousness. Self discovery gives a proper understanding of the role of life and hence people gains the opportunity to plan on what to do and how to deal with consequences. Other point is that it is important to be true to your personal life in order to gain spiritual perfection. The latter will provide a unique wisdom which will help in reaching the destiny. The author raises other important point and asserts that ‘Think Face, Black Heart’ does not follow the rule of success (Chu, 1994).  People who have positive and negative thinking achieve success. The author asserts that success is achieved through ignoring the inner voice of negativity and placing a new energy of transformation. Negativity has less power compared with personal imagination.  The latter play a role of judging and it will eliminate the guilt and self-blame.  The important thing is to be positively negatively, to love negativities and to focus on realistic and rational dreams (Chu, 1994).

Chapter 6, 7

Endurance plays a significant role in personal development. In life, success is achieved from defeat-meaning that people have to go through the process of failure or else failure acts a stepping stone. Our founding fathers followed the law of nature which moves together with endurance, self-indulgence and self-denial. Endurance gave rise to a great nation and this means that in order to achieve greater accomplishments, a person must endure hardships, accept risk, be ready to bear the unbearable and endure the unendurable. ‘Thick Face, Black Heart’   provides the strength in hard times to cope with challenges and to achieve success (Chu, 1994). Though all people succeed in the good times, the law of nature gives a distinction between those who endure and those who lose hope. A word of advice is that in order to reach the destiny, there must be endurance. The latter opens new opportunities, better alternative, freedom and relief. The author asserts that ‘Thick face, Black Heart’ does not concentrate on money as a reward. Money in Chinese character is symbolized as gold and as a spear. The latter stands for war fight in struggle to get a share on earth. Another spear stands for battle from within-meaning that   the outcomes of the within battle determines that of without battle (Chu, 1994). The inner reality (actions and attitudes) will motivate the outer success. In order to life a worth life, as a person you have to act in a worthy manner. In other words, prosperity is not important rather than the material exchange with prosperity. Generally, money does not define the personality and so it is advisable to enjoy money and at the same time do not let money to control your life (Chu, 1994).

Chapter 8,9,10

In life, people employ deception so that they can achieve objectives and gain advantage.  They follow the principle of utility toward self-preservation. People tend to make use of time in a relationship which is mutually valuable.  Deception contributes to mutual benefit which then bears cooperation and then affection (Chu, 1994). The term deception is related with repulsiveness but in reality it acts as a beneficial tool with respect to the law of nature. It plays a significant role in practical nature of protecting us from set-backs and guides toward the winning edge. The law of nature can take a visible form through work which is associated with self-preservation. The law of nature states that work acts as a tool of achieving dreams on earth.  Work is also significant in that it meets personal needs and through work, people are able to understand their spiritual state (Chu, 1994). People gains extra skills and knowledge and more important Destiny unfolds. The law of nature states that people should follow the principles of work which are: purpose- means that people have reasons of working and what they want to achieve. Perseverance is a principle which means that people must endure the unendurable   for them to achieve success. Third, patience -which means that people must practice tolerance in all situations for them to reach the destiny (Chu, 1994).  The author introduced other important concept on the law of nature and asserts that people can achieve victory through submission. In life, there are people who are physically powerful and more brutal than you and so the important thing is to endure rather than fighting back. Thus, people must employ the sensitivity in order to know situations to fight back and to submit. The law of nature states that winning and losing go hand in hand.  Thus, people have to make difference between the battle to engage in and the battle to accept defeat (Chu, 1994).

 

Chapter 12, 13

In life, security for survival is vital. The law of nature states that people must use the ‘Thick Face’ as a shield to protect from the adversity and ‘Black Heart’ as a spear to give courage and strength in winning the battle (Chu, 1994). Other important point is that people should stand firm on personal principles. Note that cunning individuals are able to identify the trusting individuals and thus, the inner spirit determines your toughness and your gentleness. Outwardly, people should   be submissive and restful but in inwardly, should maintain your objectives and principles (Chu, 1994).  In business relationships, the common goal is to achieve mutual benefit but a conflict may arise as a result of harmless information.  At this point, in order to escape the vulnerable position, it is important to use the conflict force as personal benefit.  For a person to attain peace, he or she must be well armed.  Ruthless people feels like they are a threat but the reality is that they act as a motivator of achieving success.  Ruthless people bring in extraordinary abilities which minimize their threat (Chu, 1994).  The author assert that in life, people execute their job differently as some applies great courage and others brilliant techniques.  However, success is determined by the Black Heart (killer instinct). The Killer instinct play different role as it can help in accomplishing the goal and causing destruction.  In the law of nature, the killer instinct assures survival and protection at hard times.  The law of nature states that kindness moves together with cruelty. This means that   people uses restrain to gain compassion, power and ability of being kind (Chu, 1994).

 

 

 

Reference

Chu, C.-N. (1994). Thick face, black heart: The path to thriving, winning & succeeding.

1652 Words  6 Pages

Realism and Anti-Realism

Realism in cinemas and in movies can be referred to as representing a subject matter truthfully with sincerity and avoiding artistic convention, implausible, supernatural an exotic elements (Alston, 2002). Whereas anti realism is where a subject matter is represented with much artificiality and many supernatural elements are used in the cinema. I prefer realism in a cinema because; first of all the characters are believable, and they are always observed in a daily life. The costumes used in a realistic movie are normally authentic. Therefore, it is easier to interpret and believe what is being presented in a movie.  Stage settings and props in a realist cinema are often believable.   

            Realistic plays are often ordinary and not heightened but rather use a day to day speech which is easily understandable and believable. Realistic plays are also psychologically driven because they often represent the lives of the audience and for that reason, they are important as a learning setting. It is easier for the audience to identify with the characters and situations in a realistic cinema (Alston, 2002). Therefore, the simplicity of the realistic cinema makes it easier for the ordinary person to understand and it is important for the young brains. This is because, what is presented is real and can be understood and interpreted without more inquiry. The examples of such movies include “the one I love” by McDowell, “the science of sleep” by Michel Gondry. Such movies blend reality and one is able to explore all what is happening all throughout (Alston, 2002). In other words, realistic films are all about showing the actual world and they deal with social issues that affect every body in a daily life.  Therefore, I prefer realism because it is a good setting for learning.

References

Alston, W. P. (2002). Realism & antirealism. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.

310 Words  1 Pages

Agents of Socialization, Economics, Cultural, and Social Capital

            In every society, a person or institution has the obligation of making an individual being a part of the society.  The   persons or the individuals are referred to as the socialization agents. These agents are generally responsible for the provision of individual’s education in regard to society’s expectation and how they should be fulfilled. The regulation, values, and expectations are therefore moved carried by the socialization agents which permits the society to perform is a smooth mode (Teds, 2013).

One socialization agent that has changed the most in my life is family.  I grew up having my family around especially my parents but that is in the past now. My family is no longer that close as both my father’s and mother’s side family members are no longer close to us. Despite the fact that families nowadays are very small as family joints longer exist we do not hold close relationship in our nuclear family.  This is a great change to me as the mode of communication and interactions between us has changed gradually.  In reality, I am closer to persons who are not even family.  A family is an essential part of one’s personality as it provides both physical and emotional support (Teds, 2013).

However, I believe that families today are not intact as they used to be.  Currently, all that is offered by a family is physical help such as financial assistance to acquire education while the emotional support has been withdrawn by modernity.  To me this has been a huge change as everyone is focused on their personal goals and the family goals that I grew up knowing are  no longer in existence. 

This change is important in illustrating how the modern society’s family has changed.  Modernity has brought huge changes especially in the context of interaction and communication.  This is additionally essential in demonstrating the importance of family in developing one’s personality.

 

 

 

 

 

            Reference

Teds. (2013). Ron McCollum: How Technology Allowed Me To Read. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/ron_mccallum_how_technology_allowed_me_to_read#t-932741

340 Words  1 Pages

Sociology

Q1

According to Durkheim social fact refers to any way of acting whether capable, fixed or not by exerting to an individual the external constraint. He also referred to it as the general way of a given society to exist on its own. He argues that sociology should be understood in accordance with the empirical study relating to social facts (Baert & Silva, 2010).

The social facts are external to an individual as they consist of thinking and acting. This is because they are invested in a coercive power that exercises control over the individual (Baert & Silva, 2010). The individuals experience the constraint through consciousness that affects the way they make decisions affecting their daily lives.

Q2

Durkheim definition of socialism argues that workers are exploited by the capitalists who are driven by their private interests instead of social interests (Smith, 2014). Due to the power, the capitalist has they exploit the workers as they can live without engaging in economic activities. This is because the workers sell their labor in order to survive.

Socialism is a manifestation of the ill of all times as the orthodox economists argue that competition amongst the capitalist reduces their power of exploitation to zero (Baert & Silva, 2010).  He argues that the individuals who possess a weapon of labor are exploited hence making them sell it less that it is really worth. It is the ill of all times as workers suffer deprivation as they are forced to sell their labor.

Q3

Durkheim observed that the division of labor was not an effect of human wisdom but as a result of human propensity nature which is prolonged past the financial viability of the world. It did not only embrace political, legal actions but also administrative actions (Baert & Silva, 2010). Durkheim viewed that the distribution of labor merely applies to human being communities together with the biological creatures in general.

Durkheim concept of anomie is that humans are living things whose wants are limitless, distinct from the natural world that are contented with their organic wants. In the modern society, anomie may create social changes by stimulating human desires. Anomie conditions can be undone because of the danger it carries as it deceives people into believing that they depend on themselves only (Smith, 2014).

Q4

According to Durkheim communism is the doctrine that advocates for a rigid control of the economic activities. This is done by the central organs of the societies that are primarily motivated by the sense of danger of the economic interests that are uncontrolled to the higher end of the community (Smith, 2014). The situation is based on recurring problems of the society at all times thus not bound on any particular social situation.

Socialism is a doctrine that refers to the union of the economic interests which is done by the controlling system of the society. The doctrine is applied in the current situation in the western society though not much control by the state (Baert & Silva, 2010). It underlies the economic view of the society and no questioning of the maximum wealth to the end.

Q5

According to Durkheim rituals are held around a sacred object as it is a fundamental source of collective conscience as it provides the individual with a deeper meaning that binds them in the society (Smith, 2014). The participation of the individuals in the rites put together individuals in social order in their day to day life.

Sacred is one of Durkheim’s idea that refers to the things that the human being set aside such as the religion belief, deities or things that are extraordinary (Baert & Silva, 2010). Profane is another rite that refers to the utilitarian activities that maintain subordination and coordination in the system that constitutes in a religion.

Q6

Totemism is a religious sentiment that emanates totem meaning a brother-sister kin. According to Durkheim, it is complex as it has various ideas and behaviors that are based on a global view of nature (Smith, 2014). it is mystical, reverential, emotional, ideological and genealogical relationships of a given social group.

The sacredness of the objects arises from its focus on the ritual behavior of beliefs, ideas, souls and ancestor worship that has a historical understanding. The kingdom of profane is a routine experience that corresponds with a part which is known as logico-experimental practice. Profane embraces the ideas, persons, and practices that relate to an everyday attitude of, utility, familiarity, and practices (Baert & Silva, 2010).

Q7

Durkheim sociological thought was tied on the sociology of religion as he attempted to show individual religious commitments that can be traced back to the society commitments. His sociology was postulated in a man’s thought through his ways of conceiving time and space that can be in his social mode of life (Smith, 2014). Durkheim achieved it through maintaining a temporal, spatial and other thought of the society organization that included primitive people.

Natural order of the society according to Durkheim is whose desires are not limited and the realm of social activities follows the natural desires of the individuals in the society that are held by external controls in the well-regulated societies that unclearly recognizes the extreme limits set by the ambitions (Baert & Silva, 2010).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference

Baert, P., & Silva, F. C. (2010). Social theory in the twentieth century and beyond. Cambridge, U.K: Polity.

Smith, K. (2014). Émile Durkheim and the collective consciousness of society: A study in criminology.

 

 

 

913 Words  3 Pages

The use of Myers–Briggs Type Indicator test to determine personality types

            It is perceptible that people exhibit different types of personality which defines their difference from the rest of the population. Over the years, many tests have been invented, to help people understand their personalities. One such test is the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator test by Katharine and Isabel Briggs. The test is accurate, but how accurate it is, is subject to scrutiny. Illana Strauss in the article, "soul searching through the Myers-Briggs Test”, explores this issue. Strauss explores the effectiveness of Myers–Briggs Type Indicator test citing from the real life example of how the test operates while reinforcing it with several studies conducted by scientists on MBTI. She presents her arguments objectively citing reasons why the test gives credible results. She however, points out that the test should be applied cautiously to determine personality types. Therefore, this paper focuses on assessing how Strauss derives her contentions regarding the test up to making her conclusion in terms of structure, language and writing techniques.

            The author begins by quoting research done by credible sources on the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator test and its accuracy. She focuses the reader’s attention on the importance of taking MBTI tests. She also provides the reader with a short overview of the main characteristics of the test together with its positive and negative views. However, she maintains neutrality as she points out research for and against the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator tests. This allows readers ample space to analyze the matter critically without being inclined to either support or oppose the claims presented. She focuses on unequivocal results of the tests and supports them by the fact that people with the same results of Myers–Briggs Type Indicator tests, who belong to the same personality types, have similar behavior models. Furthermore, she adds that these people tend to understand each other better. They also tend to find common interests more easily since they have similar life priorities, system of values, features of character, and specifics of mindset (Strauss 4)

The author also uses other techniques to help derive her contention to the readers. To start with, she uses a first person narrative in order to shorten the distance between author and reader. Applying personal experience is an efficient method to make reading more conscious. This is because people prefer trusting other people instead of blindly following bare facts. Secondly, Strauss prepares the structure of the article thoroughly to enhance the flow of her content. The text is divided into five parts, which makes the comprehension of the writing easier. All of the five parts vary in the messages passed across; for instance, the first part is an introductory one. It highlights basic theoretical moments of Myers–Briggs Type Indicator testing together with its strengths and weaknesses. The second part comes closer to the core of the issue, accenting reader’s attention at a real-life experience of the author. The third part refers to the positions of Leon Sao, that provided a detailed description of how people with different personality types interact with each other, share emotions and feelings, and even have the same problems in establishing relations with their family members or coworkers (Strauss 6). The fourth part develops a thesis about common conflicts between different personality types while referring to the positions of Manju Pradhan and his invaluable experience in counseling psychology (Strauss 8). In the fifth part, the author comes to a conclusion, that, despite the complicated nature and controversial character of MBTI testing, it helps in self-discovery; it enables one to better understand the inner and external world (Strauss 10).

            This article serves a wide range of audiences; for one, the author does not give personal opinions on the issues she presents but rather focuses her arguments on scientific based evidence. This makes the article ideal for scholars who require credible material. In addition, this article can also be used by an everyday person who is interested in knowing more about the MBTI test. This is because the author uses simple language that the average audience can relate to and understand. Moreover, she draws personal experiences to help drive her points home (Strauss 6). Besides this, the author is responsible for selecting the proper rhetorical features to use in this type of writing.  Strauss used figurative language and strict organization of the article, making it short but overwhelmed by valuable information. Figurative language in this article is represented by the use of the following metaphors: “soul searching”, “coloring perception”, “comfortable silences break up the conversation”, “putting people in boxes’, ‘quenching some kind of thirst for understanding”. The position of the author is reasonably objective, as the author describes how  people with the same personality types act in the same conditions, proving that there is actually a neat boundary between test results and their implementation in real life. In this way, the author achieves the main purpose of the article that is to explain the importance and effectiveness of MBTI tests. However, she does not persuade readers to take part in these tests or give them the idea of taking other types of tests.

                        In conclusion, this article serves its intended purpose; the author carefully cites arguments toward and against the use of Myers–Briggs Type Indicator tests in determining personality traits and in the end gives her stand on the issue. She uses various techniques to ensure that she connects with different audiences, which includes; providing scientific based evidence, using simple language and also drawing examples from her own experiences. According to the article Myers–Briggs Type Indicator tests are reliable but just like all scientific tests, is not 100% effective; therefore, Strauss advices readers to employ the test critically and objectively.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

Strauss, Ilana E. "Soul Searching Through the Myers-Briggs Test." The Atlantic., 16 Sept. 2015.P11

 

 

969 Words  3 Pages

Sociology and Education

Cultural Diversity

Introduction

            Generally culture is described as the thoughts, beliefs, traditions as well as behaviors that are demonstrated by specific communities in any society and are distributed from a single generation to the next (Bennett, 2010).  Cultural diversity, therefore, engaged the transformations that have occurred in comparison to what was previously rooted deeply in the ancient period of the particular culture and how it has transformed over time. 

            Cultural diversity has been a field in many fields in the current period which is associated with diverse changes.  Cultural diversity in working and learning fields is termed as the discrimination prevention in cooperation with equality development (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor, 2010).  This is generally about valuing individual’s distinctions and inclusion into the various sectors without favor.  This is the general act of sectors spanning like age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, race, and culture.  In the global world cultural diversity is conceptualized as the corporation with hires a workforce that is diverse which include people from distinct generations, genders and individuals from racially and ethnically diverse backgrounds.  In daily operations diversity is associated with generating more appreciation and understanding in the demographic market as it creates greater marker accomplishments (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor, 2010).

Employee satisfaction is essential in production increase and increased accomplishment of the organization's goals and thus a corporation that supports diversity supports both efficiency and productivity increase.  This act is thus referred to as inclusion which is the appreciation of diversities (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor, 2010).  Cultural diversity in other terms can be referred to as the general act of coming together despite the cultural values and beliefs differences and forming a society that is full of uniformity.  Therefore a diverse organization is the one that considers and values individual’s differences (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor, 2010).

            In the world, today, where globalization is rapidly taking over workplace and education diversity, seems to be the phrases that are popping out in high notes (Browne, 2011).  This is mainly influenced by modernization and technological developments and the transportations advances have thus shrunken the world and movement from a single location to a different one is no longer an issue.  Cultural diversity is the composition of work units in regard to cultural characteristics that are symbolical essential in group’s relations.  Multicultural groups tend to yield greater results in regard to performance and inefficiency due to their differences.  Education has become an important asset in the world today which has influenced the growth of cultural diversity.  In order to sustain workplace program organizations have thus embraced and accepted diversity through a shift of strategies (Browne, 2011).

There are several reasons why organizations are shifting their efforts towards developing individual groups that are characterized by cultural diversity both in the work organizations and in education (Browne, 2011).  First organizations have realized that the best talents and knowledge cannot be based on local cultures as the best minds may come from different cultures. Second cultural diversity helps in increasing growth as it helps organization in developing its market share. Lastly culturally diverse individual bring distinct ideas and this helps organizations and societies to develop rapidly.  Education and workforce diversity is the moral right to do because it helps in solving racial discriminations and gender issues (Browne, 2011).

Cultural transformations are developed and created, sustained and lost over time period.   Social acquiring, choosing, learning and assimilation are thus an essential aspect of cultural collection (Browne, 2011).  Cultural diversity develops inevitably in the cultural transmission course and this occurs when members of a large segment shares their cultural values and beliefs information.  This therefore permits the involved groups to interact freely and act effectively thus losing their unique values in the process (Browne, 2011).

            Historical Perspective

            A culture is the aspects way of living that is inspired by unique values that guide individual’s way of living.  Indian culture is a culture that is woven by tradition and customs. The Indian culture is characterized by high integrity and spirituality degree (Kieschnick, & Shahar, 2014).  These are essential customary and historical practices that are a part of the culture. The Indians individuals are believed to be among the foremost individuals who are proud of their culture.  Honesty and truthfulness are the other essential aspects of the culture.  Since the Indian culture encourages different thoughts it has been involved in many prospering over decades in the quest of preventing biases occurrence (Kieschnick, & Shahar, 2014).

            The Indian culture is also characterized by joint family history the joint system of families is highly maintained by the Indians which is unlike the American culture.  All the family members in this system are entitled to specific responsibilities which result in burden sharing.  This is additionally essential in ensuring that the younger persons learn from those that are ahead.  Religious activities are highly rooted in the Indian culture because they encourage the contributions of everyone (Kieschnick, & Shahar, 2014).

The Latin culture is characterized by Spanish speaking. Latin culture does not encourage competition or activities which may separate them from their groups (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).  The culture upholds dignity, love, affection and individual respect.  Unlike the Americans who are not restraint to sensation Latin’s restraint to sensations like frustration and anger. They are not arrogant despite the fact that they are not very friendly with individuals that are not from their particular groups.  There show limited expressions in regard to the persons that are in authority.  And since the culture does not encourage competitiveness they tend to be cooperative as the Latin culture emphasis on interpersonal associations (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).

Chinese cultural practices vary depending on ethnicity as well as geography.   People within the different groups are therefore involved in developing their individual cultures (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).  The Chinese culture involves food, religion, language, music, marriage, style and several other things that determine the interaction and behavior of the groups. The Chinese culture is made up of several elements which include religion, celebrations, arts, customs, language and food.  Art is an essential a part of the Chinese as it influences their religion and supernatural history.  Cuisines since history serve as a great influence due to ethnic diversity (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).

            Comparing and Contrasting Cultures

Chinese, Indian, and Latin culture holds few similarities and several differences.  A culture is established by practices, faith, food, customs, languages, economy as well as beliefs.  China, Latin and Indian culture are dissimilar in the way of dressing.  Indians holds a conservative and traditional dressing which is based on religion (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).  On the other hand, Chinese culture has three distinct kinds of traditional dressing.  However, unlike the Indians, Chinese culture is less conservative on its dressing in the modern society.  The Latin’s onto conservative because their culture has been involved greatly in assimilation. Indian culture is characterized by traditional clothing.  The Indian clothing styles are established by both regional and traditional variations.  From all the Indians groups all men wear lungi which is a form of traditional dressing.   Women, on the other hand, wears Sari and despite the fact that texture of the clothing varies it is unique because of it holds an ageless charm.  The form of dressing for the Indians can be worn on different occasions (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).

            In regard to cuisines, the Chinese cuisines cooking are one of the greatest methodologies.  The cuisines are made up of two major components and one is comprised of the primary food which consists of carbohydrate source that is rice and noodles. The second component is comprised of accompanying dishes which are fish, Meat as well as vegetables (Bennett, 2010). The main eating utensils in the Chinese culture for solid meals include chopsticks as spoons are utilized for soups.  Traditionally there are eight cuisines styles in Chinese culture which includes Anhui, Hunan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Cantonese, Shandong, and Szechuan. On the other hand, The Indian food is a diversified culture on its own.  The Indian culture is characterized by Islam and Hinduism as the two major religions that influence the Indian cuisines diversity.  Traditional Hindus are vegetarians but in the modern society, they have embraced meat (Bennett, 2010).

            Chinese, Latin and Indian cultures are similar in that they hold family units as significance aspect of the culture.  The cultures value joint families because they believe in shared responsibilities in order to reduce responsibilities burdens (Crisp, 2011). Additionally, they uphold joint family in order to ensure that the younger individuals learn from the elders in the family.  The cultures are additionally similar because they hold a preserved attitude toward those in authority like the teachers or employers. Therefore they do not show their emotional feeling like frustration. Both the Indian and the Chinese culture believe in superstition as well as luck.  This can be seen from the festival and customs beliefs which they value greatly since tradition.  Another similarity between Latin, Chinese and Indian culture is that they are deeply rooted in religion. Religion acts as the main guidance and it is highly respected in the three cultures.  Latin, Chinese and Indian are similar in that religion plays an essential role in the lives of individuals (Crisp, 2011).

            Chinese and Indian cuisines are similar in several ways based on the vegetables that they utilize and to some extent the spices.  The thing that makes them different is the manner in which they are prepared.  Both Chinese and Indian cultures hold a deep belief in tradition medicine. Latin, Chinese, and Indian differ in the regard to food, religion, language and culture (Crisp, 2011).  Latin’s language and practices are more related to the American culture. However, the cultures believe that everything happens by the will of God and therefore they do not believe in taking control.   However Latin does not believe in competitiveness as they value cooperation.  Unlike the Chinese individuals who values competition despite upholding of cooperation (Crisp, 2011).

            The Chinese festivals begin with the New Year’s first day of the lunar calendar that occurs between January and February.  This is then followed by lantern festival which happens to the lunar month’s first day and then dragon festival is next on the 5th day of the same month. This festival is made up of activities like boat racing of the Dragon and Zong Zi eating (Kieschnick, & Shahar, 2014). Contrarily the Indian culture holds one of the most colorful and prevalent festivals that has been celebrated across time.  The Indian major festival is performed around March where individuals come together, sing and dance in festive on Nagaras as well as Dholas beats.  The Holi festival is a festival that is conducted in all taboos rejections and festivals joy thus forgetting all the troubles that have weighed people down and attempting to enjoy the freedom.  The other festival is the Diwali’s festival which occurs at the end of October or at the beginning of the month of November.  This festival ceremony is celebrated through crackers bursting and it generally involves puja performance and it is mainly characterized by joy (Kieschnick, & Shahar, 2014)

            The chine culture is characterized by traditional music which is characterized by uniqueness and magnificent.  The traditional music for the Chinese was associated with variations diversity which depends on the period they are in.  These involve the utilization of diverse instruments which served in the generation of beautiful auditory surrounding and melodies (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).  The rhythm variations, tone quality, beat in regard to the Chinese music are distinctive from any kind of music. The traditional music that is highly identified with the Indian culture is the Raga. This is termed as the Indian music soul based on its artistic and fashionable quality.  The music holds several features which include belief, heavenly mood, rituals, and restrictions. The major element of the classical music style of Indian is Sruti which can be described as a base and the lyrics are referred to as Sahitya while Raga is a general notes combination. The beats in the India music are referred to as Tala and the rhythm is called Laya (Minkov, & Hofstede, 2011).

            Indian, Chinese and Latin Assimilation into the Society

Cultural assimilation is referred to the procedure where the minority groups adopt gradually the attitudes and customs of a culture that is prevailing (Tchibozo, 2013).  In another word, it is how the members of particular minority groups in a society lose their cultural aspects that distinguishes and makes them unique from other groups as they attempt to adapt to the cultural aspects of the dominant groups. In the previous decades, America struggled with the assimilation thought. This is because the prevailing thought was that the white race was the superior one while the rest were inferior.  As a result of this though slavery had become an institution in the country and it was a way of living (Tchibozo, 2013).

            In most countries across the world, America is termed as the opportunity land.  America is therefore established as the melting world pot where most cultures are lost through assimilation.  It is highly believed that most individuals from across the world migrate into America and lose their cultural identity as they melt to the assimilation into the American culture. However, in the recent days, the statement can be termed as unfair (Kieschnick, & Shahar, 2014).  This can be demonstrated by the growing Chinese restaurants, Latin’s businesses, Indian stores as well as European languages in an institution such as schools. This, therefore, shows that the individual cultures are trying very hard to ensure that their distinctions of cultures are voiced amidst the general American cultures.   American is, therefore, an incorporation of all the cultures as each culture in the American society holds its distinct flavor despite the fact that the culture is characterized by a single dressing which is America.  Among the Japanese, Indian, Chinese, Latin’s and others Indians depicts the larger group of individuals who wishes to be a part of the American culture (Kieschnick, & Shahar, 2014).

            Despite the fact that the Chinese, Latin and the Indian’s have not been fully assimilated into the American culture, most of their cultural values have been lost to assimilation. Immigrants from china, India, and Latin are quick to assimilate into the America economic culture but hey are slow to assimilate into the cultural and civic matter in America.  Based on studies cultural assimilation of Indians, Chinese and Latin’s has not been achieved fully due to the cultural norms and beliefs that the cultures hold which are very distinct from the Americans. Based on the recent study of assimilation which focused on economic, education, culture and civic assimilation it was established that the cultures that hold the highest assimilation rates are Philippines, Cuba, and Vietnam. 

            The average assimilation rate in America was established to be 28 out of the developed scale of 100. The Indian index stood at a scale of 20, and that of china barely topped the scale mark of 20, Mexico was rated at 13 while Canada scored the highest rate which was 53 the lower rate of Indian and Chinese assimilation rate was based on the cultural values that they hold.  Indian culture holds strong religious and social beliefs that may not easily match with the American cultural beliefs. This, therefore, makes it difficult for the Indians members to assimilate culturally into the American culture.   Most of the highly assimilated culture such as Canadians are almost similar to the American culture and cannot be distinguished from one another.  In regard to civic assimilation Indian and Chinese cultures performs very low than anticipated. Based on research civic assimilation is an essential aspect that demonstrates the willingness of a culture to assimilate.  Civic assimilation refers to the measure of a minority group formal participating in the society mainly through naturalization.  As compared to the Indians and Chinese Latin’s holds a greater share of assimilation because their culture is not very different as compared to the America. However, their social and religious norms tend to differ which seems to be slowing the cultural assimilation process into the America culture.

            Despite the growing intentions of Chinese, Latin’s and Indians not to assimilate assimilation is slowly taking place due to modernization (Tchibozo, 2013).  Most individuals from these minority groups in America are beginning to develop independent thoughts thus individualism is gaining importance slowly. This will assist in gaining full assimilation based on the fact that the minority groups are expected to give their economic, education, political and cultural contribution.  Through the adoption of the English language and economic values by the Chinese and the Indians assimilation has been achieved a bit (Tchibozo, 2013).

Detailed Culture’s Review Based on Successes as well as Failures Encountered in Both Education and the Work Place

            The Chinese, Indian and Latin’s have made huge development towards the America society today. This has been influenced by their economic assimilation where they have played a major role in developing the economy (SCOTT, & SIMS, 2016).  They have generally been accepted and are viewed as hardworking professions who are involved in small enterprises such as the Chinese restaurant and they can handle a stable family. However Chinese and Indians have failed in contributing to development in regard to cultural diversity because of their persistence change resistance.  Individual members of the cultures have not accepted the fact that their cultural values and those of others can be combined to yield societal benefits. 

             Based on the most recent census information Chinese have medium household’s incomes and higher educational levels as compared to their white opponents. While the discrimination issues are still persistent they are less as compared to the issues that were reported a century ago. The Latin’s, Indians and Chinese members in America  still suffers  from education and employment  inequalities based on their cultural, religious and language differences, however,  the  discrimination rate has reduced  greatly  as compared to the previous centuries where  individuals from the minority groups would not enroll in most school  or even secure employment.  From literature analysis, there is narrowing employment and educational discrimination gap of the Latin’s, Chinese and Indians individuals in American society today. This has mainly been contributed by the development of affirmative action to solve the racial discrimination issues in America. However the Chinese and the Indians are still faced with workplace discrimination in regard to payment which is changing slowly due to cultural diversity (SCOTT, & SIMS, 2016).

More than 70% of the Chinese and Indian Americans speak proper English. This has been a major economic and educational contribution towards the American society at a much higher level of equality has been achieved today through effective communication strategies.  Cultural differences have been a major influence of cultural diversity failure as it hinders individuals from interacting freely based on cultural values and beliefs boundaries (SCOTT, & SIMS, 2016).

            The cultures have been able to achieve an effective communication through learning English.  Language barrier has been a complex thing that has been hindering Chinese, Latin’s and Indians to secure employment and education programs in America (SCOTT, & SIMS, 2016).  Communication amid different cultures and languages tends to be very complex.  Language is defined as the skill that is utilized in viewing the world different and with the communication barriers misunderstandings may be attained easily.  The other barrier that the Chinese, Latin’s and Indians have faced is behavioral distinctions and stereotypes.  The American culture is believed to be friendly but arrogant which makes it difficult for people to interact with one another.  In addition, their practices and behaviors are different as compared and the prejudging of the different culture results in communications hindrances and misconceptions (HUGHES, KAPOOR, & PRIDE, 2014).

            In general diversity in the education body and in the workplace is essential. This is because education diversity helps the institution in achieving their main mission which is the provision of quality education. Quality education does not necessarily come without getting knowledge in regard to race, culture, religion and their expectations. Therefore having a diversified school structure is essential because individuals learn more with a more developed view of the real world as well as understanding (HUGHES, KAPOOR, & PRIDE, 2014).

            In reality having a diversified working environment ensures that increased efficiency and productivity is achieved at ease (Parrillo, 2009).  This is because the uniqueness of every culture is economically essential in ensuring that innovativeness is achieved.  In addition diversification in the workplace helps in creating better interactions among persons through the different opinions those individuals holds.  Diversity is essential as it changes community’s stereotypes as it strengthens workplaces as well as communities.  Cultural diversity can thus be described as the numerous distinctions that the distinct cultures hold and these differences help in improving persons. Therefore cultural diversity should be accepted and embraced fully in education and in the workplace in order to learn to work in collaboration and celebrate the uniqueness (Parrillo, 2009).

            Conclusion

In summary, the growing education and workplace diversity are consistently posing fresh challenges for the organizations.  Thus there is a great necessity for organizations to note the significance of diversity management strategies and the significance of diversity involvement in general.  The diversity administration approaches necessitate thorough planning and view of all the involved aspects as a good strategy may help organization and society in solving the issues of cultural diversity inclusion.  An evaluation of the above literature demonstrates clearly that cultural diversity is a broad and complex phenomenon which needs to be addressed.  The role of cultural diversity in yielding positive results to education and workplace organization relies on distinct factors, for instance, the surrounding context, the kind of industry as well as the strategies that are applied by an organization.  Cultural diversity inclusion does not immediately guarantee tangible groups, individual or organizational performance and efficiency.  Nevertheless attaining a culturally diverse institution’s and successful management of workforce can result in the generation of huge and numerous benefits.

In today’s society, cultural diversity is viewed as a positive thing because it provides individuals with the opportunity to experience distinct practices from what they are locally used to.  Diversity in the workplace and in school is viewed as a beneficial aspect based on the contributions that it presents.  In education, exposing students in a diverse school helps in preparing students for the actual world where are expected to deal with different persons and still raise their voices.  Diversity in the workplace is essential because it enhances the economic and social competitiveness. This is mainly because every individual holds their distinct and unique strengths and when these strengths are utilized appropriately they can generate something worth.  Diverse communities are characterized by distinct talents and skills whose potential can be made stronger.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

            References

Bennett, A. (2010). Cultural landscape: An introduction. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Browne, K. (2011). An introduction to sociology. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

Crisp, R. J. (2011). The Psychology of Social and Cultural Diversity. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

HUGHES, R. J., KAPOOR, J. R., & PRIDE, W. M. (2014). Foundations of business.

            Kieschnick, J., & Shahar, M. (2014). India in the Chinese imagination: Myth, religion, and thought. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

            Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. H. (2011). Cultural differences in a globalizing world. Bingley, UK: Emerald.

Parrillo, V. N. (2009). Diversity in America. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Pine Forge Press.

            Pride, W. M., Hughes, R. J., & Kapoor, J. R. (2010). Business. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning.

SCOTT, C. L., & SIMS, J. D. (2016). Developing workforce diversity programs, curriculum, and degrees in higher education. http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/?fpi=9781522502098.

Tchibozo, G. (2013). Cultural and social diversity and the transition from education to work. Dordrecht: Springer

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The Differences between a Foreign Culture Compared To a Domestic Culture

            Culture can be defined as beliefs, values, experience, knowledge and customs existing in a particular society. The current economy is becoming increasingly multicultural with a mixture of employees born from different countries for example America’s workforce has closely 16% outside employees. Mixture of cultures in business is so important because new skills and new knowledge are being acquired about other cultures (Czinkota & A 2007). This will therefore require a clear understanding of the different cultures. Some of the differences include the different laws and regulations, different buying habits of customers (Alcantara-Pilar et al, 2015). Thus when operating a business internationally, you will have to change your strategies of marketing to fit the ones of the country you are entering. Some of the market cultural differences that exist between the foreign market and the domestic market are discussed below.

            The level of competition; foreign markets competition is more likely to be complex than the competition in domestic markets. This is certainly because of many and powerful participants in the foreign market than in the domestic market (Czinkota & A 2007). To assess your ability to compete in a foreign market, one may use Porters 5 Forces tools which assess the power of the buyer, supplier, competitor, and threat of new entrants.

The other difference is market intelligence; the market intelligence required in a domestic market may not require much study like what is required in a foreign market. There are key points to consider while gathering market intelligence on the intended market. It is important to know how the market works, your direct competitors, and the best strategy of entering the market. However, it is hard to get reliable information for some markets especially less developed economies due to less sophisticated statistical agencies.

            Legal systems; different countries have different legal systems. Every government has its own policies regarding foreign firms. This creates a difference between a foreign market and a domestic market. By understanding this, you have to abide by the laws in the foreign market not the rules in your home market. These laws can cause an impact for business long term success and it is always good to consult with legal counsel of that particular country so as to lessen the risk that these laws may affect the operation of the firm (Alcantara-Pilar et al, 2015).

            Technology also causes the difference between foreign and domestic market culture. In case your product needs a high technology to be used, markets with low  technology cannot suit that business. Similarly, logistics cause the difference between these two markets due to the difference in the level of infrastructure development. The way of getting your products into the market in the domestic market is different from that in the foreign market. Lastly, forms of media differ in foreign and domestic markets. It is important to know the types of media available in the foreign market basing on your target market at that specific country.

Interview

The first interviewee

Question: Where do you come from?

Response: I come from Switzerland

Question: just discuss the business practices and management styles in your country

Response: in Switzerland, there is a formal and conservative business climate and companies are in a traditional vertical manner structure. The culture of the companies varies depending on the location of that company. We have four official languages that is German, Italian, French, and Romansch. Therefore before establishing a business there, you need to be familiar with those mentioned languages. In most of our organizations, employees have little responsibility. Generally, it is the management that has a large responsibility for planning. Business meetings are impersonal, orderly and task oriented. Negotiations in Switzerland require patience and very precise and cautious discussions. Generally Swiss are known to be fair bargainers.

Second interviewee

Question: where do you come from?

Response: I come from China

Question: just describe the business practices and management styles in China

Response: I will majorly base on the business management of culture in China. We do believe that the way responsibilities are given to the employees determines employee behavior in an organization. In china employees have less personal responsibility at the place of work, meaning they are not always independently accountable for a specific task but rather judged in the group. On the matter of time, Chinese spend much time discussing business and making decisions as a way of building relationship with people before doing business. Furthermore, in china, employees focus on long-term commitments expecting long term rewards. 

            Basing on the two interviews taken, significant differences have been observed on how business is being done in the two countries compared to America. Firstly, in Switzerland just like in china, employees have less individual responsibility hence they are not accountable of a given task. This is contrary to American culture where employees are assigned tasks with designated responsibilities, and they are accountable for the task they perform (Boeing, 2013). Also the way Americans value time in business is very different from the way china does it. Therefore, this can teach us that before establishing a business in a foreign market, there is a need to understand business culture in that specific country.

References

Czinkota, M. R., & A, R. I. (2007). International marketing. United States: Thompson

Alcantara-Pilar, J. M., Barrio-García, S. ., Crespo-Almens, E., & Porcu, L. (2015). Analyzing the cultural diversity of consumers in the global marketplace.

Boeing, M. (2013). Analysis of cultural differences and their effects on marketing products in the United States of America and Germany: A cultural approach to marketing using Edward T. Hall and Geert Hofstede. Hamburg: Anchor Academic Pub.

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Nature vs. Nurture

This article discusses Lytton’s suggestion on how conduct behavior develops in children.  The suggestion is based on the notion that behavior development in a child is not influenced only by the environmental factors but also by the operations of automatic reactivity and heritable genes. The article analyses this notion by looking into the various estimates used by Lytton to come into his conclusion, while there are other possible phenomena that can explain a child conduit behavior development. The article also recommends that rather than focusing on effects sizes, research should look into the mechanisms that operate and their interaction in the development (Dodge, 1990).

The strengths of the article stems from the fact that it considers various aspects of the environment which affects the biological and genetic make which eventually determines behavior. Lytton’s assertion, however, depict the genetic make up as operating distinctly from environmental factors. The article also measures the correlation of various variables that help in spotting the various weaknesses in the Lytton’s assertion. The environmental effects are thus seen to be the major factors in determining the child conduit behavior, moving away from Lytton’s insistence of the child effect being significant determinants. The article also highlights the positive effects of Lytton’s research, such as children factors being obtained from experience (Dodge, 1990).

The weakness in this article arises from the constant neglect of the effect of genetic inheritance on the development of a child’s behavior. In fact, studies done on twin and adoptions shows that individual differences can determine a child behavior. The behavior can be attributed to a certain gene (Saudino, 2005). The article fails to consider the significance of such genes in conduit behavior development.  

References

Dodge, K. A. (1990). Nature versus nurture in childhood conduct disorder: it is time to ask a different question. Developmental Psychology, (5), 698.

Saudino,K.J.(2005). Behavioral Genetics and Child Temperament. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1188235/  

 

 

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The only proper context for sex given its nature is part of a committed personal relation?

Sex in most cases is normally associated with relationship and it’s a natural need in the life of an individual that needs to be met. There are many cases where sex in the context of a committed personal relation fails to work in the intended manner. The three main reasons that make sex to be seen as proper outside such relationship includes the cases of chronic illness of a partner, that results to partners’ loss of intimacy and issues related to separation or divorce. Sex is very important to ones quality of life especially among the adults.

When one is in relationship and their partner is hit by a serious illness, their lives become dislocated due to the profound changes associated with it. This illness becomes the unwelcome party that destroys the image that partners have for each other and affects the relationship routines such as sexual intimacy.  Exhaustion and pain take precedence of the desires of the partners and the relationship shifts from that of equals to one of patient and a caregiver. Since sexual is a need that is reality in the relationships where it’s fully met. Chronic illness has multi-factorial effects on sexuality and impacts on the stages of sexual response.  The sexual dysfunction and the related dissatisfaction in the ill partner cause a big barrier that means that the healthy partner does not get his conjugal rights. Thus, it’s true for the assertion that the other partner may seek sexual satisfaction outside marriage, which is outside the context of a personal relationship. This is because the ill partners’ sexual capacity and desire will be altered by this illness in ways that the problem becomes irreversible (Hertlein, Weeks &Gambescia 288).  The case of such barriers presents valid reasons for persons to seek sexual satisfaction outside a committed relationship.

Another reason that makes sex appropriate outside the context of a relationship is divorce and separation. This is usually a difficult path which involves a lot of challenges since the two people had become unhappy .depressed and generally unhealthy emotionally. This makes the individual unable to enter into any personal relationship due the unhealed emotional injuries. Thus an individual may get involved in casual sex so as to satisfy their sexual needs especially from a single partner with whom they are not romantically involved or attached (Freitas, 46). Such individuals may not be ready to get involved in another relationship due to the impacts it may have on their children and the fear getting into other unworkable relationship. Thus, such individuals would be best suited for sex outside the confines of a personal and attached relationship. Furthermore, marriage is not always the outright way of offering protection against dangerous and harmful sex potential. Rather instead of closing one’s eyes and assuming that sex will be good only in marriage or committed relationships, the focus should be on the responsible sex. Thus, sex outside committed relationship will be appropriate if the protection for physical and mental health for the involved parties is considered. This will mean that divorced or separated partners will have sex whose main focus is mutual pleasure (Filipovic, 1).

In conclusion, sex is very essential for the general physical and emotional wellbeing of an individual. It would right to have sex that is fully consensual and thus the issue would be how ones themselves and others. As long as it’s consensual, sex can be outside the confines of a committed relation.

References

Hertlein Katherine, Weeks Gerald,  Gambescia Nanacy .Systemic Sex Therapy: Journal,.Routledge. Vol 20(2-3). (2015).288

Filipovic, Jill.The moral case for sex before marriage.2012.1. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/24/moral-case-for-sex-before-marriage

Freitas, Donna.Sex and the Soul: Juggling Sexuality, Spirituality, Romance, and Religion on America's College Campuses. Oxford University Press.2008.46

 

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Sociology Personal Experience

RELIGION

Religion (p. 344) - Religion is an act of worship to a supreme being who has unmatched powers. Religion has a particular system of faith and worship where one has a pursuit or interest that can be best described to the supreme importance (Giddens, 2008). Religion involves a cultural system that contains specific practices and behaviors, holy grounds, sacred texts, ethics and the societal organization which can be explained as a set of beliefs that apprehends nature, cause and purpose in the universe (Giddens, 2008).

I am a strong Islamic believer raised by religious parents. When growing up I found it to be more of a routine thing but I did not necessarily know what it involved. In order to facilitate the process of learning my religion, our Mosque had a service for children where we were basically taught about the Quran and how the world came to be. When I was growing up our country education system offered religious studies all through the curriculum where my knowledge broadened and I became more aware of what entails to be a Muslim.

Nowadays technology has really changed exchange of information especially through the use of the internet. Social media has really helped me beyond the normal classroom knowledge as I have been able to identify other religions and some of their practices such as that of the Christian religion. This platform has been used by people from all religions sharing what they do and what it is expected of them by their religion. I have come to understand that religion is a strong belief to every person who believes in it and respect is paramount to all.

 

Reference

 Giddens, A. (2008). Essentials of sociology. New York : W.W. Norton & Co.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

295 Words  1 Pages

Freytag's Pyramid Applied to YOUR Life Thus Far... !

Unstable situation

The unstable situation in my life would be that I witnessed someone dying.  The man was stifled to death in the middle of the night. This story in my life shows the ghastly representation of how the life of two partners defines the actions of explanation towards the dislocation of women and how they have been under the men’s rule.

Exposition

The overview of my life can start with a discussion of a play.  The exposition starts at the crime scene at the Camel’s family yard.  The main characters of the play are Gade, his wife and the National Crime chairman Quick and his wife.  All these people are in the house as they light fire at the centre of the house so as to keep the house warm overnight.  They are all talking of Camel’s questions.  Mr. Quick talks about what happened on the day he finds Mr. Camel dead.  Camel’s wife tells Quick that he cannot see her husband as she also found him dead upstairs.  The play was written in the year 1916.  I quote the play as it shows how the ancient times women had few rights on their daily life not as the current situation.  Currently in my life I proof that they have the right to vote and their educational chances are increasing hugely. Their salaries were however lower compared to those of men but they had enough money to cater for the needs of their families.  Thus the story is efficient in revealing the current life in that it explains the current awful condition of women that are placed in the man’s process of thinking (Susan, 2). 

Gade: It is well to beat the women if they are found accountable for murder.

Crime Chairman: It is true that before we finish about this, she may have something important than conserves to worry about. 

Quick: Women are well known to be worried about trifles.  (The two men moves close to each other)

Crime chairman: Although women have worries, we cannot survive without them (the women are just bending out of shy).

(They all feel asleep)

I did not like the play as it seemed to be against the current life condition.  These men are against the power of women thus my whole life has been playing against the play. I asked my friend to send me another king of play that touched my life thus far, and I wondered what she thought about my life as she sent this email. Thus she sends the same play and tells highlights the remarks of Gade.  I am therefore going to talk about my life thus far my countering the antithesis: The motive that is in the play is due to the women values on the things that make men enjoy and think they are unimportant while women think they are essential. This brings me to my thesis that when the unimportant things are made, women are not treated equally.  Thus the reason as to why the men in the play have pride over their supremacy of the logical thoughts (Susan, 2). 

Rising Action

I had to send an email to one of my uncles asking him about his views on the issue or the action in my life thus far.  He said that I was acted against the power of women in that there is no way women will stand over men.  He also said that I seemed more against the males and that I don’t like to be commanded while it was a real life situation.  He says that I am not thoughtful about the challenges of being against men in that,” if your man says this, you say this” these he told me in his email.  My reaction towards the play was much against that of my friend who accepted the fact that we have to be ruled by men (Chant& Guttmann, 5). 

Climax

The irony in my life this far would be for me getting out of my parents house and moving into a man’s house as I never wanted the command from them.  My uncle kept on talking to me about husband’s respect and that if I couldn’t do it I will end up ruining my life.  This gave me hope for moving in with someone who was more important.  A touch is something with no much value.  Men have the notion of that women do not have more mental power than they do.  As in the play, when the men are trying to figure out what was the reason of the woman killing her husband, they discover that there was a gun in the house. Thus the women notice the touch about the death and this brings the irony out. Am alone controlling my family’s life thus I am learning to stay under control. The notice proofs that the woman was the one who killed her husband (Chant& Guttmann, 5).   

Falling Action

This happens when the women do not have the main reason as to why Mrs. Camel killed her husband and they also know that it was not her fault as the death made her feel guilty.  This explains how women are against inequality in their families.  The reason as to why Mrs. Camel killed her husband would be the fact that he saw her as unimportant (Chant& Guttmann, 5). 

Denouement

The play ends with the women hiding something from men.  In my life thus far, I have realized that men wishes for women punishment if they are found with crime which is found as a terrible crime.  The women knew of the hardships Mrs. Camel was going through thus they had to hide the proof that would offend her guilty.  Therefore even if there are hardships in any marriage I have to struggle so as to have an understanding and a better life (Chant& Guttmann, 5). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Work cited

Chant, Sylvia, and Matthew Guttmann. Mainstreaming Men into Gender and Development: Debates, Reflections, and Experiences. Oxford: Oxfam, 2000. Print. September 5, 2016.  Email

Glaspell, Susan. “Trifles, men vs. women”: A Play in One Act. Los Angeles, CA: Baker's Plays, 2010. Print. September 2, 2016 Email

 

 

1036 Words  3 Pages

Death Penalty

I am against death penalty which is a form of punishment.  This is because many people arte tortured to confess to a crime that they never committed.  Death penalty is found to be inhuman, a degrading thus it must be opposed be it on who accused, the crime or the method of execution.  There are many reasons as to why am against the death penalty. The death penalty is permanent.  Some judgments cause people to approve to some crimes they did not do.  Some people are killed and later after the investigations they are found not guilty. There are much racial and economic discrimination in the appliance of death penalty. Discrimination on the death penalty is a way of being unjust to other people’s lives thinking that some lives are better than others (New York Times, 2007). 

Thus death penalty should be done on a theory basis rather than practically.  Death penalty is also seen to provide some of the main criminals their publicity that that they should not have.  It put off that some of the criminals are murderers; there is a proof in that it encourages others especially those from a poor background and who attracts the media. Instead of these criminals spending time in the media, they spend their life time in prison that is a way that violence seems much fashionable to them. Death penalty is not partial to the worst cases.  This means that the death penalty like any other form of violence is hard to put bounds once the worst cases get into the community (New York Times, 2007).     

Federal courts have the power to hear cases based on the section 1983.  This allows the federal courts to hear cases such as the deficiency of the civil rights and the final statute allows the court to hear all the questions based on the national judgment. Thus all the cases under this section may be heard in the federal courts by putting in the jurisdictional acts. State torts cases are heard under the section 1983. The difference between the two is that the supremacy section under the state torts cases states that the courts must give friendly mediums to the national claims and the vindication of the national rights. Thus in order for someone to act on the 1983 section, they must first start in the state court but if the accuser takes the case to court, the protector has the right to move the case to the national court (New York Times, 2007).   

Reference

New York Times, 2007, “Does Death Penalty Save Lives? A New Debate”

Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/us/18deter.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

             

440 Words  1 Pages

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