Existing Laws and Regulations on Non-Hazardous Waste Management

In this section, we will discuss different laws and regulations for the management of nonhazardous wastes at multiple levels, from environmental laws, Sharia laws, Royal Decrees, Ministerial Decrees, and an international treaty such as Basel Convention. We will discuss their objectives, implementation, and role of concerned authorities regulating their implementation.

1. Environmental Laws

In this section, various laws related to environmental protection adopted throughout the time in KSA will be discussed, keeping in view their goals, regulations, standards for waste management, and all the stakeholders subjected to these laws.

1. Environmental Standards on Material Recovery and Recycling of Waste 2012[1]

According to this law, companies under operation in KSA will have to comply with the new waste treatment and disposal procedures. It also put forward guidance standards for the development of environmental practices for recycling. Although this document does not have a direct impact on the industrial sector, it covers international standard waste management hierarchy related to waste prevention, recycling, and disposal. 

The law relates to the disposal and treatment of wastes in an effort to encourage waste recycling to protect the environment ⁶⁸. City solid waste management is considered as a huge source of significant items and vitality. There are huge benefits related with solid waste and are unquestionable in KSA. As the current practices in KSA are not extremely powerful for recuperation of assets from strong waste, a couple activities at little scope have been taken across Saudi Arabia.

The 2012 law serves as a guideline in developing feasible solutions to address the issues of waste management with the aim of achieving sustainable development through an integrated system leading to zero waste management by 2050 ⁶⁸. The law recognizes that companies particularly those operating in the manufacturing sector across KSA are the main producers of solid waste in general and therefore, adhering to the set guidelines and regulations will significantly aid in promoting waste recovery as well as recycling as part of developing the municipal solid waste management. Waste recovery and recycling is directly related to improving the efficiency of municipal waste management systems.

2. Biological Treatment Standard of 2012[2]

According to biological treatment standards laid down by the law, all the waste treatment and incineration plants must comply with the updated requirements related to the location, operation, and design of these facilities. It also provides regulations related to the treatment of decomposable solid waste. However, this law gives flexibility to these plants in the implementation, keeping in mind their operation costs[3]. Biological treatment standard applies to both public and private facilities and does not apply to home composting initiatives like the composting activities that are utilized by householders within their residential areas.

The standard emphasizes that while trying to increase the overall efficiency of biodegradable waste management, environmental protection is necessary. In KSA, MSW is overseen by a basic practice for example assortment and dumping into landfill. The landfills are not a designed landfill frameworks and need leachate what's more, gas assortment foundation, as seen in the example of Makkah landfill site⁷⁶. The standard therefore requires that commercial institutions must be in full compliance of the standard to boost municipal waste management efficiency and environmental protection.

3. Standard on Waste Transportation 2012[4]

 

This law ensures compliance of non-hazardous, hazardous and inert waste with the updated regulations for waste transportation in KSA. It was adopted by GAMEP and monitors waste movement to protect environment and human health, defines standard requirements for hazardous materials such as classification and labeling waste to regulate its movement inside and outside KSA. The labeling of wastes makes the process of assortment easy when it comes to recovery and recycling of solid wastes. Companies are required to comply with labeling, necessary documentation of the waste, drivers’ certification and training and vehicle safety standards. Main goal of these standards is to prevent accidents and facilitate trans-border movement of wastes and simplify transportation processes while ensuring compliance.

The standard imposes some regulations on manufacturing firms as well as fees on those that fail to comply with the guidelines. The standards stipulate that manufacturers have the legal, moral and financial obligation of limiting the environmental impacts from their products, management and label the life cycle of their products and wastes for safe disposals. The assessment and labeling of wastes helps in assortment while ensuring that solid wastes do not end up on landfills given that they are non-degradable⁷⁸. The transportation standard contrary to what most individuals would perceive covers more than the movement of wastes as it incorporates assessment and assortment of waste among commercial facilities. 

4. Wastewater Discharge Standard of 2012[5]

 

Companies concerned with the discharge of wastewater are subjected to this law, adopted on March 24, 2012. The goal of this law is to enable KSA in reaching to ambient water quality standards by defining specific limits on discharges, enforcing permit requirements to protect water quality. Organizations and workers releasing wastewater currently are dependent upon the Wastewater Discharge Standard, which was established on the 24th of March 24, 2012 ⁷⁸. The standard sets out use-related models and explicit cutoff points on singular releases intended to ensure water quality. Fluid waste generators are required to agree to as far as possible and license prerequisites, just as any reuse or preservation necessities. Outstandingly, if an office cannot confine its discharges as far as possible as expressed in the guidelines of this standard, it was required to get a grant as from June of 2012⁷⁸. The standard is vital as it significantly contribute to the management of waste within the municipal setting across KSA.

Government of KSA has formulated various laws ensuring compliance of public and private facilities to modern, up to date standards, establishing guidelines for environment protection practices, safe trans- border transport of hazardous wastes to avoid accidents and proper treatment of waster to protect already scarce water sources. Organizations ought to be watching out for a more rigid authorization framework and, all the more critically, utilize the direction gave to set up an inside strategy that can be the reason for a consistence program to be prepared when the obligatory necessities produce results.

1. Sharia Law

Environmental protection is an integral aspect of Islam. According to the Quran, Muslims have been made stewards on Earth, which also enjoins the responsibility for Muslims to play a proactive role in environmental conservation. Muslims are repeatedly encouraged to reflect on the relationship with their surroundings and living beings and maintain ecological balance. With respect to Sharia law, Islamic religion gives extremely effective moral standards and rules in managing the natural or biological emergency which are generally established in moral hardship. Common assets ought to be profited by thinking about the unfavorable ecological effects⁷⁷. Sharia law asserts that it is our obligation to save the earth and all its natural resources and assets to serve all particularly the group of people yet to come. In Islam for instance, the presence of individual is constantly interrelated to other natural elements. In its appearance, Islam partitions human cooperation into three classifications, communication with God, collaboration with people and association with the earth⁶⁹. Human cooperation with condition is referenced various occasions in the heavenly Quran, hadith and further clarified by researchers (Surah Taha: 55 and Surah al-Qasas: 77).

In this section, Sharia Law for the protection of various aspects of the environment will be discussed in the light of Quran and, sayings of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and his companions. In this context it can be attested that the sharia law in relation to the waste management has a concise relation. Based on the Quranic injunctions and prophets Sunnah, over 1300 years Muslims have had lessons on reducing and avoiding waste[6]. From the Holy Quran 6: 141 it have been stated, Prophet Mohamad brought become the garden to bear all kind of precious fruits abd warned them not to waste as God does not love those who waste. It is therefore significant for every person to understand their position in managing waste for it is environmentally wrong as it is to law.   

 

1. Resource Conservation

 

Islamic teachings empathize on the need for humans to conserve the surrounding. This collaboration is not just a morals or elective obligation however a commitment for each Muslim as the prophet said in one hadith,

             “The world is beautiful and green and Allah has made you His representatives on it and He sees             (all things).”

 According to this, having compelling and proficient city waste management system is critical for the insurance of improved living conditions as well as protecting the surrounding and people’s welfare. Waste disposal for instance can cause air and water contamination which can get medical issues individuals. To address this issue, contemporary waste management strategies such incineration have widely been adopted in KSA to promote decomposition and hence reduce waste⁷⁰.

The Islamic teachings towards the conservation of natural resources are based mainly on the prohibition of over-exploitation. The Holy Quran says: "It is He who has appointed you viceroys in the earth … that He may try you in what He has given you."[7]

“O children of Adam! … eat and drink: but waste not by excess, for Allah loves not the wasters.”[8]

Extravagance in the usage of water, whether the water is scarce or abundant, is forbidden by teachings of Prophet Muhammad. It is related[9] that the Prophet passed by his companion, Sa’d, who was washing for prayer, and said: “What is this wastage, O Sa’d?”

"Is their wastage even in washing for prayer?” asked Sa’d; and he said, “Yes, even if you are by a flowing river!”

 

2. Forbidding to Spread Corruption on the Land

 

According to Islam, corruption of land is a broad category that applies to anything disturbing the order and collective systems of Earth, making the life of humans or living things unsustainable. Quran says, "And do not desire corruption in the land. Indeed, God does not like corruptors."[10]

"Eat& drink from the provision of Allah and do not commit abuse on the earth, spreading corruption."[11]

Corruption is one of the most perilous issues that the states just as the people experience the ill effects of. It turns into an open wonder that affects the nations. The Holy Quran says:

"Debasement has showed up ashore and ocean with what the hands of the individuals earned. In this way, they taste some of what they did all together that they return" (Holy Quran,Surat Alroom, section 41).

Corruption, leads to the exploitation of resources that are meant for the management of waste such as land thus subjecting majority of people to suffering. Islamic teaching asserts on the need to be mindful of the welfare of every person by refraining from greed. Individuals know about the negative impacts of corruption which denies people opportunity to live fulfilling lives, and they plan laws, hold meetings, and decide rules to control this marvel, yet the Islamic economy dependent on Sharia Law has created numerous preventive and healing answers for rein this defilement. Allah says in the blessed Quran

"Don't expend your riches between you in misrepresentation; neither propose it to judges, all together that you wickedly devour a bit of the individuals' riches, while you know"(Surat Albaqarah, 188).

 

3. Reduction of Waste by Encouragement to live Simple Life

 

Adopting a simple lifestyle is greatly stressed in Islam with the implications of less waste production at the source. It is mentioned in the Quran, “Do not be extravagant, surely Allah does not like extravagant.”[12] Reduced waste production and input demand of natural resources due to reduced consumption of the products, is a significant step towards environment conservation. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ himself led a simple life and encouraged his companions to do the same.

Waste has always has been a natural issue for people. Waste is frequently likened with refuse, yet even before the presence of trash, there was waste. Understanding the different types of waste can assist us with recognizing approaches to keep away from and decrease it⁷¹.  Allah tends to this issue of overabundance in the Quran states

            ‘’O you who believe! Do not make unlawful the wholesome things which God has made    lawful for you, but commit no excess for God does not love those given to excess.’’    [Quran 5:87]. Islamic religion therefore urges Muslims to share the little that they have     with others as a way of reducing wastes which is crucial in promotes effective management of waste⁷².

 Excessive spending for distinction is not a shrewd conceived of twentieth century, Western culture. It was obviously present in the most punctual long stretches of Islam, in the Saudi Arabian desert society of 600 A.D.

4. Preserving Forests and Biodiversity

 

One of the significant steps of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was to afforest an area called “Zuraybu’t Taweel” to protect wildlife. He announced, “Whoever cuts a tree here should plant a new tree instead.” The area shortly converted into a forest with this regulation. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ also granted the status of ‘haram’ (under protection) to an area of 12-mile distance from the center of Medina city and forbade killing animals or cutting trees within its radius.

Many sayings of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ encourage planting trees. He said, “If a Muslim plant a tree or grow grains and a bird, a person or an animal eats from it will be counted as a charity for him.”[13]

 “If any of you have a date sapling on the doomsday, he should plant it -if possible.”[14]

"Whoever plants a tree is rewarded by Allah as much as the produce is grown in that tree."[15] “Whoever plants a tree and diligently looks after it until it matures and bears fruit is rewarded,”[16]

Environmental protection a significant part of the Islamic religion and lifestyle and being stewards of the Earth, it is the obligation of Muslims to think about the earth in a proactive way. There is an unmistakable reason behind the formation of various species, be it plants or creatures. Muslims are urged to consider the connection between living beings and their condition and to keep up the environmental equalization made by Allah.

 

Islam is against the cutting or obliteration of plants and trees pointlessly as is obvious in the accompanying Prophet Muhammad stated:

“He who cuts a lote-tree [without justification], Allah will send him to Hellfire."

 Trees develop in the desert and are a lot of required in a zone which has scant vegetation⁷². The obliteration brought about by deforestation in numerous nations causes soil disintegration and slaughters a considerable lot of the biodiversity of the earth. Muhammad supported the planting of trees and the development of farming which are considered as acceptable acts.

5. Cleanliness

When Abu Musa was sent to Al-Basrah as the new governor, he addressed the people saying: “I was sent to you by ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab in order to teach you the Book of your Lord

            [i.e. the Qur’an], the Sunnah [of your Prophet], and to clean your streets.”

Abu Hurairah reported that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade that a person relieve himself in a water source or on a path or in a place of shade or in the burrow of a leaving creature.  These values highlight Islam’s stress on avoiding pollution of critical resources and importance of cleanliness. Prophet ﷺ stated:

            “Beware of the three acts that cause you to be cursed: First, relieving yourselves in           shaded places (that people utilise), in a walkway or in a watering place……”

            “Removing harmful things from the road is an act of charity (sadaqah).[17]”

As it is popular known cleanliness is next to Godliness a notion that is deeply rooted in Islam. In this case, proper management of waste contributes to cleanliness within the surrounding which significantly contributes to the building of faith significantly. Body as well as environmental hygiene is crucial in promoting the overall well-being of people and environment hence promoting cleanliness⁷². As indicated by Islamic law, the essential components of nature including land, water, fire, woodland, and light have a place with every single living thing, not simply people.

At the time of emergence of Islam in 6th century AD, there were no any significant environmental issues. But the matter is dealt in Islam in detail. Nevertheless, Islamic Sharia doesn't define specific punishment, and are more left to context dependent implementations as deemed necessary. Islam made cutting down of trees, damaging crops or harming animals war crime even in the intensity of the war. By warning about hell fire for the people cutting down trees without any reason and rewards on planting trees, Islam encouraged its followers towards environmental protection. Punishments in Islam focus on violators of collective systems, disruptors of the natural, balanced order of the Earth.

Islamic teachings on protection of environment instill environmental consciousness in its followers. The concern of Islam towards environment is a universal one and transcends all geographical barriers and applies to not only humans but all living beings and ecological systems.

iii. Royal Decrees

In this section, Royal decrees, the authority of these decrees, and their implementation will be discussed we will also discuss royal decrees for the protection of the environment and its objectives.

A decree is a rule of law, defined according to certain procedures as dictated by the Constitution and issued by the head of the State, which can be the President of a Republic, King or a Monarch. Decrees are comparable to Executive orders issued by President of the United States.

Royal decrees (nizam) are the main source of laws in KSA, issued by the King. However, they are referred to as regulations rather than laws and are subordinate to Sharia.[18] Royal decrees support Sharia in aspects of commercial, corporate, and labor law.[19]

Environmental Act No. 193, promulgated by Royal Decree No. M/34 of 2001[20]

This Act, passed on 28 Rajab 1422 H (15 October 2001), by the Royal Decree, made environmental planning integral part of agricultural, industrial and urban development, stressed on sustainable usage of natural resources, protection of human health from negative effects of environmental threats and increased awareness of public on environmental issues. It defines clearly what comes under the category of waste, waste products classified as hazardous, lays out standards for waste generators, waste transporters, hazardous waste management facilities, and standards for hazardous waste management. It also stresses to develop monitoring tools, conduct environmental studies, appropriate training programs to develop capabilities in preserving the environment, apply technologies for the recycling, safe transportation and disposal of construction materials and debris and preventing the disposal of radioactive and hazardous wastes in the territorial waters.

 

Royal decrees give significant authority to the King in KSA in the commercial, corporate, and labor sector but are subordinate to Sharia. Royal decree for environmental protection serves as a road map and guiding foundation for all environmental laws and practices in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this Act includes insurance and preservation of the earth; security of human well-being from exercises with negative impacts on the earth; protection and supportable advancement of characteristic assets; ecological arranging as a fundamental piece of mechanical, farming and urban exercises and expanded degree of mindfulness on natural issues.

The Royal decree of 2001 entrusted PME with the duty regarding upholding and executing its arrangements, in a joint effort with the significant organizations. Subsequently, PME declared in 2006 the Rules for Implementation of the Law, and directed an investigation to determine adequacy of natural approaches for the set prerequisites and its own capacity to attempt the assignments depended to it by the General Environmental Law and Rules for Implementation. PME started actualizing an arrangement in the areas to modernize and build up the natural principles and rules for air and water quality, and executed a task for ecological assessment of offices, just as considering the foundation of an ecological database. With an end goal to improve natural insurance limit and administrations, PME is leading an investigation to recognize and adjust worldwide prescribed procedures.

iii. Ministerial Decree

In this section, we will discuss ministerial decrees, the authority figures with the power to implement these decrees, especially those related to conservation of the environment.

A Ministerial Decree is an order issued by the ministry, imposed under the authority of ministry's chief, administrator or secretary, delegating the task to impose a mandate.

In the areas of energy and land, the Royal Family, which occupies all the ministries, has significant authority. These regulations are called ‘lai'hah’ and include Ministerial Resolutions, the council of ministers resolution, royal orders, and Ministerial Circulars.[21] Minister of Environment Water and Agriculture of KSA issued ministerial decrees to protect the environment that include Saudi Organic Agriculture Law & by-Law, National Aquaculture Policies and Practices, National Biosecurity Manual, and Saudi Code for Responsible Aquaculture Practices.[22]

Most of the ministries in KSA are managed by the members of the Royal family, supervised by the King. Minister of Environment Water and Agriculture issues ministerial decree related to the preservation of the environment. 

Ministerial Decree is an endorsement of rules in regards to disinfecting of urban land as per biological, clean and sterile norms and taking care of, capacity and removal of household waste. This Decree imagines measures for removal, purification and waste treatment of residential squanders, modern squanders in urban communities and different settlements. This Decree expresses that the aspects of waste treatment will be local locations, boulevards, social offices, mechanical regions, parks, squares and diversion places.

This Decree presents arrangements on a) capacity and treatment of residential waste, b) strong waste assortment, c) waste removal, d) fluid waste, e) disinfecting of lanes, f) squander treatment of sea shore, military territory, parks, amusement spots and prophylactic offices, and lastly g) the enlistment of local waste systems This declaration additionally expresses that the state control will be completed by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources and the Ministry of Health.

Based on the fact that ministerial decree brings the notion of industrial activities on the liquid waste quality standard and the state ministry of environmental decree, various decrees have been put forward in this representation. First, the ministry decrees that conservation of the environment should continue to bare benefits to the human’s life and other living creatures; this claims that it is therefore necessary to control liquid wastes disposal in the environment[23]. This decree is important in the fact that the control of liquid wastes to the environment has great advantage for the human kind as well as other creatures. Second, the ministry decrees that the industrial activities have the strength to cause environmental pollution. [24] Hence, it is paramount for people to control waste of liquid through stipulating wastes quality standards. By controlling the liquid waste released to the environment is important as it controls and protects people from water bone diseases. Third, the ministry decrees that as it has been stipulated on Article 15 of Government Regulation No. 20/1990, it is important to lay down more stipulation on industrial activities.[25] It is through such decree that the ministry is able to regulate and control implementation of water contamination.

1. Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

In this section, we will discuss the Basal convention, parties, and main objectives of the convention. We will also discuss what is known as Toxic Colonialism, which leads to this convention.

Basel Convention is a United Nations treaty signed on 22nd March 1989 in Basel, Switzerland, by 187 parties[26] including Saudi Arabia and 53 signatories.[27] It was designed to prevent the transfer of hazardous waste from developed to developing countries. The convention also defined hazardous wastes and stressed on minimizing toxic wastes as much as possible at the source of generation to assist developing countries in the management of waste.

Promoting the need for environmental conservation through the adoption of effective waste management systems and ecological guidelines in the industrialized world during the 1970s and 1980s had prompted expanding open protection from the removal of risky wastes as per what got known as the Not In My Back Yard condition and to an acceleration of removal costs. It was against this foundation that the Basel Convention was haggled in the last part of the 1980s, and its push at the hour of its selection was to battle the "harmful exchange", as it was named. The Convention went into power in 1992.

The larger goal of the Basel Convention is to secure human well-being and the earth against the unfavorable impacts of risky squanders. Its extent of use covers a wide scope of squanders characterized as "perilous squanders" in view of their source or potentially synthesis and their attributes, just as two kinds of squanders characterized as "different squanders" - family unit waste and incinerator debris.

The primary point is tended to through various general arrangements expecting States to watch the crucial standards of naturally solid waste administration (article 4). Various restrictions are intended to achieve the subsequent point: unsafe squanders may not be sent out to Antarctica, to a State not involved with the Basel Convention, or to a gathering having prohibited the import of perilous squanders (article 4). In all situations where trans-limit development is not, on a basic level, precluded, it might happen just in the event that it speaks to an ecologically stable arrangement, if the standards of naturally solid administration and non-segregation are watched and in the event that it is completed as per the Convention's administrative framework.

The treaty framework is the foundation of the Basel Convention as initially embraced. In view of the idea of earlier educated assent, it requires that, before a fare may occur, the specialists of the State of fare advise the specialists of the forthcoming States of import and travel, giving them definite data on the planned development. The development may possibly continue if and when all States concerned have given their composed assent (articles 6 and 7). The Basel Convention likewise accommodates participation between parties, running from trade of data on issues pertinent to the execution of the Convention to specialized help, especially to creating nations (articles 10 and 13). The Secretariat is required to encourage and bolster this participation, going about as a clearing-house (article 16). In case of a trans-limit development of risky squanders having been completed unlawfully, for example in negation of the arrangements of articles 6 and 7, or can't be finished as predicted, the Convention credits obligation to at least one of the States in question, and forces the obligation to guarantee safe removal, either by re-import into the State of age or something else (articles 8 and 9).

The Convention likewise accommodates the foundation of provincial or sub-territorial communities for preparing and innovation moves with respect to the administration of unsafe squanders and different squanders and the minimization of their age to take into account the particular needs of various districts and sub-areas (article 14). Fourteen such focuses have been set up. They complete preparing and limit building exercises in the districts.

History

During the 1970s, strict environment laws raised the cost of hazardous waste treatment and disposal. Due to globalization, the movement of ships in the international waters increased. The developing world was also desperate for foreign currency, which leads the developed world to dispose of toxic waste to the developing world, a practice known as 'Toxic Colonialism'.

Around 4% of hazardous wastes that come from countries are shipped across international borders. These wastes include, among others, chemical waste, radioactive waste, municipal solid waste, asbestos, incinerator ash, and old tires.[28]

The increasing cost of hazardous waste disposal in the developed world and the need for foreign currency in the developed world lead to Toxic Colonialism. This led to the Basel Convention to reduce the movement of toxic waste from developed to developing countries.

1. Analyzing the Role of Legal Authorities in KSA in Solid Waste Disposal

The inefficiency of the bureaucratic system to resolve developmental issues is very obvious for some time as the municipalities even fail to provide simple services such as waste management, let alone the ability to implement government's grand developmental and administrative plans for Vision 2030. The infrastructure problem in cities of KSA remains unresolved, as reflected in the failure of complex organizational structures at local levels and significant overlap of legal authorities of various bodies of the government. These bodies at times are dysfunctional and ineffective, partly because they do not conform to the Kingdom's social and demographic changes as they haven't been reformed since the 1980s. 

In 1992, the Law of the Provinces was formalized, with the aim to improve administrative structure and development in Saudi Arabia[29]. Exploiting the authority laid down by the law, the crown started to appoint ‘Emirs’ (governors) from the members of the royal family to consolidate the federal power over the management of the provinces. The appointed emirs, belonging to foreign regions of the country, weren't equipped with the right knowledge to understand the local issues of the area, with a lack of interest in solving them, failed to coordinate with local tribal networks for the implementation of developmental projects. There is also a lack of accountability by the crown of these emirs.[30]

The regional government structure in KSA is managed by the Ministry of Interior. KSA is divided into thirteen emaras (regions), assisted by the regional council, and administered by an appointed Emir, which reports to the Ministry of Interior. The region's governorates are managed by the governors that report to the Emir.[31]

 

MOMRA runs parallel, a duplicate structure at the municipal level. Each province's capital has an amanah (secretariat), which is a bureaucratic body that manages the other cities and towns of the province. MOMRA also supervises hundreds of municipalities, responsible for many municipal functions like solid waste management. The budget of secretariat and municipalities is approved by Municipal Councils, which have no say in how the services will be provided and the use of public land. This authority is given to concerned ministries, secretariat, development authorities appointed by Council of Ministers, even to ARAMCO, Saudi State-owned company.

At the most level, various government institutions are involved in delivering services, including the Council of Economic and Developmental Affairs (CEDA), various project management offices mandated by Vision 2030, crown, and the diwan. All these bodies have a significant area of overlap in terms of their responsibilities, often bypassing and competing with each other.

With such a tangled national and local government structure, which is itself regulated by laws issued by various ministries, these bodies compete for power, resources, and representation, as well as there is lack of clarity over their legal authority and hierarchy. As a result, local bureaucrats lack the funding to work on effective waste management. In a rare event, Saudi Council criticized MOMRA for failure to carry developmental projects.[32] There has been shifting of blame for the failure between Emir, municipality, ARAMCO and contractors in response to recent flooding in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia’s largest city.[33] In another example, the government slashed the budget allocated for regional projects, shifting the resources to General Entertainment Authority. Local authorities that are at direct contact with population needs and demands are often given very limited funding, with their resources allocated for cultural festivals.[34]

Although Vision 2030 directs municipal and local bodies to carry out planning and implementation of various developmental projects it lacks any clear policy on reforming bureaucratic structures to decentralize authority and power to local bodies[35]. Due to this labyrinth of authority structures, the licensing procedures for various stages in waste management are complicated because of multiple license issuing authorities.

Hazardous waste landfills require specialized treatment before they are disposed of. There is little monitoring on the waste composition dumped at the collection and transfer stations, and landfills. Hazardous waste is often dumped at Municipal landfills designed specifically designed for municipal solid waste[36], which leads to the release of toxic materials in the soil and pollute groundwater. Illegal dumping is common around the Kingdom, with several uncontrolled waste dumps in use. There is a low percentage of landfill diversion due to a lack of incentives to the private sector for the recycling of wastes. 

The cost of disposal outside industrial cities is high due to large transport distances, as the cost of transportation of waste is included in the landfill cost. There is a lack of geographical coverage of treatment facilities and a lack of government control over the facilities falling outside the industrial cities.

Staff involved in waste management services is inadequate, are poorly trained, and lack the necessary qualifications to manage the process. There is a lack of awareness among citizens and manufacturers for waste handling, which leads to improper sorting and illegal dumping. There is no central database to track the quality and quantity of industrial waste produced and the lack of prosecutions of those involved in violation due to corruption.

1. Legal Authorities in Charge of Solid Waste Disposal
2. Municipal Councils in KSA and their Role in Solid Waste Management

History

Municipal Councils in KSA are local administration bodies which include Amara Governate and rest of local units, regulated by their respective central ministries. Established by legislative constitution, they form the first tier of the government and concerned authority figures that deal with local issues. Law of Municipality of Makkah and other Municipalities, 1954, called for the formation of municipal councils in a bid to encourage the participation of the local community in government, with elected members from the general public. In 1977, the Law of Municipalities and Villages was issued that reiterated the need for establishing Municipal Councils. It also defined their organizational structure, composition, and responsibilities related to certain municipal functions, empowering them to implement specific duties on the community level.

Organizational Structure

Municipal Councils are semi-autonomous bodies, with an equal number of elected and appointed members. Minister of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA) appoints the mayor, and a chairman and its deputy are elected by the majority of council members for a period of two years. Decisions of the councils are made by vote majority while the final authority to approve those decisions fall on MOMRA.

 

Municipal Functions and Responsibilities

The responsibilities of Municipal Councils are defined by the Law of Municipalities and Villages. The Councils are responsible for organizing the area according to the endorsed plan and issuing permits for the construction of the infrastructure and the buildings, ensuring the general management, including waste management done effectively. Municipal functions also include protecting public health by clearing all swamps and disposal of wastewater effectively. They also preserve cleanliness and city appearance by effective waste disposal methods. The location of slaughterhouses is important as during the festival of Eid ul Adha, large quantities of animal waste, contribute to significant organic waste. Municipal Council also builds and organizes the slaughterhouses to prevent mismanagement in handling animal waste. Implementing vision 2030 through waste management programs for sorting waste, collection, and disposal to municipal landfills is also the responsibility of Municipal Councils. On a local level, waste management, from collection, transport, and placement at landfills, is primarily the responsibility of regional Municipal Councils regulated by Local Affairs and Ministry of Municipalities.  These municipalities operate landfills through private contractors.

2. Legal Authorities and Duties of the Saudi Government on Waste Management on Federal Level

General Authority for Meteorology and Environmental Protection Regulates environmental protection laws and is the top authority body supervising all the environmental projects. It also monitors the progress of Municipal Councils and formulates environmental principles serving as a guideline for all public and private agencies in KSA. On these guidelines, the implementation of laws and their progress is assessed. 

The Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones, also known as MODON is a government body created by KSA in 2001, which is responsible for the regulation of Technology Zones and Industrial Estates. It also encourages the private sector to get involved in the development of Industrial Estates. MODON has established up to 35 industrial cities under its program, including MODON Oases (industrial cities for women workers) and oversees their organization. Various new industrial cities are under development in various parts of the Kingdom. MODON supervises the operational and underdevelopment cities. It ensures that the environmental laws set by GAMEP are implemented through inspection of industries for keeping up with environmental standards and subjecting penalties for violation of these standards. MODON also provides non-hazardous waste collection services for factories and their disposal in municipal landfills, making coordination and monitoring much more accessible.

The Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu, or simply known as RCJY, is an autonomous administrative and financially independent organization, governed by the Board of Directors, reporting directly to the Council of Ministers. The Chairman's Office in Riyadh makes policies and supervises the implementation of policies through the Directorates General in Yanbu and Jubail. RCJY aims to diversify the economy and decrease the dependence of KSA on the oil exports for GDP, through the development of industrial cities of Jubail and Yanbu. It supervises the operations in industrial cities, ensuring they are environmentally friendly and also regulates the industrial waste sector independently through regulations and standards. RCJY also stimulates the private sector to invest in the recycling of industrial waste and disposing of non-recyclable waste in RCJY landfills.

Conclusion

Municipal Solid Waste in KSA mostly consists of organic waste like food and plastic waste, mainly consisting of disposable items, which particularly increases during the hajj days. Solid waste is collected at onsite storage containers, with improper sorting due to lack of public and industrial awareness, from where the waste is transported to transfer stations, which after compaction, is loaded in trailers to be carried at disposal landfill sites. The process is regulated by municipalities operating under Local Affairs and Ministry of Municipalities, whereas central bodies concerned with legislation include GAMEP, MODON, and RCJY formulate laws and set guideline standards for environmental protection. Various waste disposal methods are employed depending on the nature of the waste. Disposal at non-engineered landfill sites, owned by the government and operated by private contractors, is the common disposal method. Non-hazardous solid waste is handled specifically at municipal landfills, which are running out of their storage capacities. Decomposition at landfills produces leachates that pollute the soil, which percolates through the porous ground of KSA to pollute underwater resources. Greenhouse emissions at landfill sites pollute the air. Composting converts solid organic waste into useful products for agriculture. However, the compost is of low quality, and the agricultural area is quite less, making the approach ineffective. Incineration of solid waste significantly reduces its volume, but it also produces the air by releasing greenhouse gases, and the bottom ash contains unburned organic matter. Laws and regulations on non-hazardous waste in KSA exist on many levels. Various environmental laws like Environmental Standards on Material Recovery and Recycling of Waste, Biological Treatment Standard, Standard on Waste Transportation and Waste Water Discharge Standard ensure the compliance of industries to new waste treatment and disposal practices, issuing guidance standards for best practices, classification, and labeling of the waste, preventing accidents and facilitating the trans-border movement of wastes and regulating discharges to maintain water quality. However, these laws are not effectively implemented; illegal disposal and mixing of hazardous with non-hazardous waste are common problems. The Islamic point of view on condition assurance mirrors a positive picture about Islam and how it grasps each and every issue the people face on earth. The Islamic disposition towards condition and normal asset protection is not just founded on preclusion of over-abuse yet in addition on economical turn of events. Environmental protection is greatly stressed in Islam by a number of verses of Quran, sayings of Prophet Muhammad, and their companions by conservation of resources by minimizing waste and discouraging consumer attitude, the prohibition of overexploitation of resources, and spreading corruption on the land. Islam also stresses on the forestry and protection of biodiversity, and maintaining the cleanliness of surroundings and preventing contamination of water resources. The punishments for violating the environment are context-dependent, depending on the severity of the problem. Royal and Ministerial Decrees in KSA related to environment ensure making environmental planning integral part of development process, defining waste, and hazardous and non-hazardous waste, formulating standards for waste generators, transporters and waste management facilities, conduct environmental studies, conduct training programs. Basel Convention is an international treaty signed by 187 parties with the goal to stop the transport of hazardous waste to the developing world. There is a significant area of overlap between various government bodies in Saudi Arabia, competing for representation and power. Local bureaucratic structures have little budget for the implementation of waste management projects. Illegal dumping is widespread, and there is a lack of qualified personnel for waste management. There is a need for clarity in government structure and strict action against violation of waste management standards.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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[1] Environmental Standards on Material Recovery and Recycling of Waste. Presidency of Meteorology and Environment, 2012. https://www.pme.gov.sa/en/En_EnvStand1.pdf.

 

[2] , Biological Treatment and Standard of 2012, (KSA: Presidency of Meteorology and Environment, 2012), https://www.pme.gov.sa/en/En_EnvStand11.pdf.

[3]   , Standard on Waste Transportation, (KSA: Presidency of Meteorology and Environment, 2012), https://www.pme.gov.sa/en/En_EnvStand15.pdf.

[4] , Standard on Waste Transportation, (KSA: Presidency of Meteorology and Environment, 2012), https://www.pme.gov.sa/en/En_EnvStand15.pdf.

[5] , Waste Water Discharge Standard of 2012, (KSA: Presidency of Meteorology and Environment, 2012), https://www.pme.gov.sa/en/En_EnvStand17.pdf.

 

[6] 72.        Muhamad, Asmawati, Abdul Halim Syihab, and Abdul Halim Ibrahim. "Preserving Human–Nature’s Interaction for Sustainability: Quran and Sunnah Perspective." Science and engineering ethics (2020): 1-14.

[7] The Qur'an 6:165

[8] The Qur'an 7:31

[9] Ibn Majah , Book of Purity, Sunan Ibn Majah, Sahih Musnad Ahmed (851)

[10] The Qur'an 28:77

[11] The Qur'an 2:60

[12] The Qur'an 6:141

[13] Khatib Al-Tabrizi, Al-Bukhari, Al-Muslim, Mishkat al-Masabih (n.d)

[14] Muhammad Al-Bukhari, p. 138, Al-Adab al-Mufrad (Beirut: Daru'l-Ma'rife, n.d)

[15] Ahmad B. Hanbal, p. 415, Volume 5, Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (n.d)

[16] Ahmad B. Hanbal, p. 374, Volume 6, Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (n.d)

[17] Abu Zakariya Yaḥya Ibn-Šaraf an- Nawawī and F. A. Matraji, Narrated by Abu Dharr Al-Ghafari, Riyadh Us-saliheen (1998)

[18] James R. Silkenat, Jeffrey M. Aresty, and Jacqueline Klosek, The ABA Guide to International Business Negotiations: A Comparison of Cross-cultural Issues and Successful Approaches (Chicago, Illinois: American Bar Association, 2009)

[19] Otto and Jan Michiel, "Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present," 2010

[20] , General Environmental Regulations and Rules for Implementation, (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Presidency of Meteorology and Environment, 2001)

[21] Doing Business in Saudi Arabia, (Latham & Watkins LLP, 2012), https://www.lw.com/upload/pubContent/_pdf/pub3507_1.pdf.

[22] "GAMEP Rules And Regulations," last modified May 8, 2019, https://mewa.gov.sa/en/InformationCenter/DocsCenter/RulesLibrary/Pages/default.aspx.

[23]             Standard on Waste Transportation. KSA: Presidency of Meteorology and Environment, 2012. https://www.pme.gov.sa/en/En_EnvStand15.pdf.

[24] Ibid 23

[25]  Ibid 23

[26] "Parties to the Basel Convention," Basel Convention, accessed February 29, 2020, https://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/4499/Default.aspx.

[27] "Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal," United Nations Treaty Collection, accessed February 29, 2020, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-3&chapter=27&lang=en.

 

[28] , "The transboundary shipments of hazardous wastes," International Trade in Hazardous Wastes, 1998, xx, doi:10.4324/9780203476901.ch4.

[29] “The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia,” Law of the Provinces, accessed March 8, 2020, https://www.saudiembassy.net/law-provinces)

[30] Hadi Fathallah, “Failure of Regional Governance in Saudi Arabia,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 26, 2018, https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/76928)

[31] “The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia,” Provincial System | The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, accessed March 8, 2020, https://www.saudiembassy.net/provincial-system-0)

[32] “أعضاء-في-الشورى-وزارة-الشؤون-البلدية-هدر-على-الدولة,” Al Hayat, n.d., http://www.alhayat.com/article/917821/)

[33] Author: Arab News, “'Municipality Responsible for Flood',” Arab News, December 6, 2009, https://www.arabnews.com/node/330734)

[34] Agence France-Press, “Saudi Arabia to Spend Billions on Expanding Entertainment Sector,” The Guardian (Guardian News and Media, February 23, 2018), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/23/saudi-arabia-to-spend-billions-on-expanding-entertainment-sector)

[35] “GOVERNANCE MODEL FOR ACHIEVING SAUDI ARABIA'S VISION 2030,” Governance | Saudi Vision 2030, accessed March 8, 2020, https://vision2030.gov.sa/en/governance)

[36] “ ArRiyadh’s Comprehensive Waste Management Strategy," ArRiyadh’s Comprehensive Waste Management Strategy (2016))

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