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Bringing the Gospel to the Brao People through the Provision of Education Facilities and Reduction of Poverty Initiatives

Table of Contents

Abstract 3

Introduction. 4

Background Information. 6

History. 6

Language. 8

Culture. 8

Economy. 9

Religion. 10

Family. 11

Survey of Missions Work to Brao group In Cambodia. 11

Status of the Church. 11

Past and Present Missionary Work and Strategies. 13

Missions Challenges. 15

Proposed Strategy for reaching Brao people In Cambodia. 17

The Provision of Education and Poverty Reduction Programs. 17

Conclusion. 22

Appendix 1: Ethno-linguistic Groups of Cambodia. 23

References. 24

 

 

 

 

 

Bringing the Gospel to the Brao People through the Provision of Education Facilities and Reduction of             Poverty Initiatives

            Abstract

The arrival of Jesus Christ was grounded on a mission which was to save people. However, He makes it apparent that people are to be used as instruments in the fulfilment of this mission through spreading the salvation message[1]. The command for spiritual missions can be established and tracked throughout the outline of the Bible both in the New and Old Testament. The highest commissioning offers guides that are easy to understand in that we being the gospel’s messengers should try to fulfil. If the message is to reach all individuals in all nations, this will necessitate a special individuals group with the will of stepping beyond their self-generated comfort confines so that they may step boldly to those regions that have not been touched by the Gospel.

One such region is occupied by Brao people in the Northeastern section of Cambodia[2]. Brao individuals are highly conventional and despite the fact that the gospel arrived in the region back in 1992 it is just 0.5 percent of the general populace have accepted Christianity[3].  Contemporary practices are slowly being adopted by the younger generation among the populace. The communities are highly attached to traditional practices with the beliefs and fear of evil spirits[4]. One of the major barrier to the adoption of Christianity is the high poverty rate and illiteracy level. This paper will therefore seek to establish whether it is possible to evangelize the unexploited people effectively with the identification of Brao who are characterized by little or zero exposure to Christianity and the Gospel. The paper will mainly focus on how the Gospel can be brought to Brao people with the provision of education and poverty reduction programs.  This will be accomplished by a thorough survey and a systematic review on the existing literature. This paper will act as a solid framework in offering effective missionary in all the regions that are unfamiliar and to those individuals who have not been reached by Jesus Christ’s Gospel.

 

Introduction

Throughout the Bible, God’s mercies can be viewed while illuminating the undoubtedly and unenvied truth that it is God’s desire that not even a single person shall perish but everyone shall come to the saving grace via Jesus Christ.it unfortunate and sad that most will meet their deaths before uniting with this mercy’s invitation in that they will be lacking the knowledge of Jesus Christ’s saving grace. Based on Joshua’s Project currently, there are approximately 7,289 unreached groups globally.  This is an equivalent of about 2.9 billion individuals which accounts to about 40. 5 percent of the global populace that has no knowledge of the word Jesus while some have not more than two percent missionary Christians in their midst[5]. In reference to Acts Chapter 1: 8 the followers of Christ were commanded by Him to be his local witnesses by reaching the deepest regions on earth[6].

It is God’s plan to reconcile his association with every man given that the world is full of sins. This approach mainly rotates amid ensuring that his name is well recognized in all nations and tribes regardless of the locations. It is agreed universally that worship is central to the mission. The objective goal of any given mission is to ensure that individuals are brought together into forming passionate links with God[7]. In the context of the scripture, the missionary objective held by God for humanity is apparent. For the stated justification missionary Christians are to travel even to the most deadly regions in proclaiming the name of God and for power saving. God is still faithful and committed to his intentions on reaching all humans and thus Brao's are no exemption[8].

Brao individuals in Cambodia have been in existence for so many years. Based on Joshua’s project the group is comprised of high traditional and despite the fact that the gospel only reached them in 1992 there are only 200 Christians from the group[9]. Christian’s adoption in the region is mainly hindered by strict restrictions by the government, high rate of poverty and the lack of education[10]. This has resulted in the increase of traditional beliefs but they all fear the existence of evil spirits. It is apparent that the group cannot be approached with similar strategies as most communities and thus the provision of education and the initiation of poverty reduction approaches will be of assistance in penetrating within the groups to acquire maximum Christian’s number in the group. In delivering the Gospel to the Brao’s in Cambodia preparations, thorough planning as well as adequate training is required to occur given that it is an operation full of risks and uncertainties. This it is this study’s objective to design a strategy that will seek to create awareness of God’s name and gospel to the Brao’s as one of the unreached individual's group. The paper will present a thorough discussion of history and culture of Brao, a survey of Brao’s mission work and devise a strategy to enable effective reaching of this group with Christ’s Gospel.

Background Information

History

The Brao refers to an ethnic community that lives in Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand. The Brao typically means individuals existing in the woods. Culturally and linguistically they are linked to Khmer’s mountain but are highly driven by Laos. The populace of the community is estimated to be about 9000 persons while their global population accounts to 32, 500 persons[11]. Based on Joshua’s project the northeast Cambodia Brao are associated with black hair and fairly dark skins which resemble most Laos and Khmers lowlanders from the same region despite the fact that Brao tends to be characterized by a shorter stature. Brao is amidst a number of hill squatting tribes in the abandoned villages in a province referred to as Ratanakiri Cambodia’s Northeastern region and Laos Southeaster Attapeu province.

Since the longest known past, the group has existed in the region in Cambodia with every single village accommodating about 14 individuals based on 1996 statistics, particularly in both Cambodia and Vietnam. Despite the fact that they refer to themselves as Brao they are mostly known as Lava or to some Lavae. Lave is a word that originated initially from the colonial period when the designated region was given to the group by French[12]. The other ethnic groups are not statistically censured with the Brao as each group is tallied distinctively. Brao majority in Cambodia mainly exists in Ratanakiri Hill province where the population is mainly grounded in district nature and the small groups particularly exist in the village that is highly scattered. In the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century first half, the Brao existed in relatively extensive fortified locations due to the fact that their areas were raided constantly by troops belonging to Siamese[13]. Despite the protection that they have developed communally most persons were captured thus becoming slave trade victims. The slave trading operations which were common in the era and particularly in the marginalized regions continued to prevail thus affecting their lives. The trade only ended after a colonial ruling was established by France in the middle years of the 19th century. This, therefore, demonstrate some of the forces that affected the general progress of the group.

Cambodia’s Brao is no longer reachable by the gospel despite the fact that the populace exists in four differing countries. Their prime religion is conducted through ethnic practices and spiritual sacrifices. The religion is highly grounded in the individual’s ethnic identity as well as conversion which is equal to cultural integration. Civilization is slowly occurring in the region despite the high traditional and cultural related beliefs.  The older Brao based on their conservative nature they wear traditional dresses and due to wearing earrings made from elephant tusks they earlobes are relatively stretched. Some of their faces are marked with lifetime tattoos which are a fashion that originated from their past. For the younger individuals, they often dress with the western attires that they purchase from their markets.

Language

Bara’s language belongs to Mon-Khmer language both in Laos and Cambodia and their main language is referred to Lave[14]. There are several additional ethnic groups of Brao which are Lun, Kravet, Laveh, and Krung[15]. These groups are a depiction of equally comprehensible languages that are within this group. Mon-Khmer is an Austroasiatic dialectal[16].

Culture

For a number of significant centuries, Brao has preserved their animistic beliefs than just adhering and adopting to the Buddhistic religion that mainly belongs to the lowland individuals. Brao’s exists in continuous fear of the existence of evil spirits. Elders in the villages are mainly responsible for directing and leading all the village religious and cultural sacrifices that are made to the fields, forest, pillars as well as watercourses spirits[17]. This plays part in the maintenance of community order in ensuring that spiritual existence is not disturbed. The cause of individual’s ailment is usually determined by village diviners via prescribing and animal rituals sacrifices that are conducted to the responsible spirits. Failures such as those involving ailments and crop failures are mainly blamed on the evil spirits. In their communities, Bras and Arak are the usual names that are utilized to refer to those spirits that need conciliation. Domestic animals such as cows, pigs, chicken as well as water buffaloes are raised by the villagers for sacrifices purposes, weddings, village sacrificial events, and funerals involve the engagement of the whole village in the drinking of increased rice wine quantities for a number of days. The group is mainly focused on communal development which is based on communism[18]. However, despite their focus, the community based on the lack of education and increased level of poverty are not well equipped to handle issues related to shortages of food or the basic families’ necessities. However, the group is mainly objected at creating a communal order which they believe is prime for the achievement of a stable community.

Economy

Brao is distinct from the lowland farmers that depend on paddy rice in the area[19]. Joshua’s project upholds that conventionally the communities mainly relies profoundly on forest’s production for the daily existence and in usual cases, the farm upland dried rice with the utilization of agricultural techniques that are Swidden based. Farm products such as coffee and Cashew offers limited levels of income[20]. The forested rolling Hills that involves the red volcanic ground is the one that has covered the largest part of the Brao’s living lands while a number of rivers have crisscrossed the flat plains.  The community is additionally involved in fishing, hunting as well as the raising of different animals such as pigs, chicken as well as cows that are a major source of dietary proteins. Sadly, due to the prevalent of the current logging vast land tracts have been deforested the land and the forest which is heavily depended upon has lowered significantly. Women are involved in harvesting and in most cases, they can be spotted within the red dirtied roads carrying baskets containing products as well as other goods on their backs.

Religion

The prime religion of Brao is Ethnic based religions Brao being some of the prime groups that exist in the hills have continuously upheld and maintained their traditional practices and beliefs that were designed by their ancestors[21]. They hold the belief that magical spirits mainly exists in the natural surroundings where they occupy forests, water streams, mountains and major rocks[22]. Most of the leaders of religion are additionally spiritual healers who are involved in ceremonial leading in illnesses curing both for mental and physical issues. This is usually accomplished via the communication with those spirits that have caused the difficulties or those that have permitted the undesirable occurrence to prevail. In some of their villagers, there are two significant sorcerers and their main responsibility lies on weather control. This conduct helps in offering increased protection to the Brao community from the occurrence of natural misfortunes thus aiding crops growth[23].

Family   

Given that the group is highly focused on community development, a family is highly valued by Brao. In that families are perceived to be integral community aspects that are necessities in achieving progress. Much effort by both men and women are undertaken in ensuring that family’s needs are met which works simultaneously in fulfilling the needs of the community in general for a prospering future[24]. For instance, there are specifically and customarily designed initiatives based on the individual’s age levels. In that these initiatives seek to instill knowledge, experiences, and growth to the young ones to enhance their future and that of other generations. One may acquire a family’s name after birth which might be engaged in frequent changes depending on the different life’s situations as well as cultural events. In addition, individuals are always called by their partner, child, father or even mother’s name and in other times partner names are usually included in one’s name. Men similarly to most cultures are considered to be the Brao’s family head and they are involved in the family provision and offering any form of guidance. They lead their families and the failure of these families directs the blame on them which is considered to be inability. On the other hand, women are involved in caring for their husbands as well as children. They, therefore, work in ensuring that all the work chores are fully satisfied by handling domestic chores.

Survey of Missions Work to Brao group In Cambodia

Status of the Church

A Christian Church is not in existence amongst Brao people in Cambodia. Based on Joshua’s project it is apparent that in the population are less than 200 Christians in the group of slightly more than 9,000 persons[25]. The Christians exist in isolated groups. The region remained untouched by the gospel of Christ until the year 1992 and the low spread and the fact that the region is no longer reached has been contributed by restrictive governmental measures, poverty, and high illiteracy levels[26]. Generally, the communities uphold their traditional based ethnic faith which is affirmed by Joshua's project. While viewing the country in General Cambodia similarly, to Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand official religion is Theravada Buddhism which is mainly practiced by the majority which comprises of 95 percent of the entire populace[27].

Cambodia’s population is estimated to be 15.7 million persons based on the official census population that was conducted in the year 2008. Christians in the state only comprise of 0.4 percent while those that are not Christians are about 0.2 percent while Cham Muslim seconds Buddhism in the state. The state’s population density is ranked 118th on the global setting with 82 persons per every kilometer square[28]. 90 percent of the entire population is made of Khmer group and they normally speak Khmer dialectal. Given that the country’s populace is above 1.5 million individuals and the Christian religion is occupied 0.4 percent of this religion it is certain that Christ’s name among the populace is rarely proclaimed[29]. This has been influenced by the fact that the region is no longer reachable as the government mainly favors Buddhism. The number of Christians in the nation is quite low based on Joshua’s project indication most of these Christians are located strategically across Brao’s communities[30]. In general there over one million individuals in Cambodia’s republic that needs Christ without exempting Brao.

Past and Present Missionary Work and Strategies

In the past Christians mission which arrived at the Cambodia’s Brao group have occurred in differing strategies. Brao individuals are very scared of individuals not from their communities based on the excessive abuses that they have been subjected to in the past by the government and the slave traders. In addition, they are highly discriminated against by other groups and they do not have comprehensive legal rights in their own state based on their lack of Buddhism religion acceptance and inhabitation. Cambodia’s Brao is situated in the northeastern part of the state a region that is characterized by uniqueness. Based on the recent research some of the missionaries that were engaged in mission expressions in the reference to the Christian West towards the individuals[31]. It is stated that they were mainly viewed as prominent individuals as people wished to learn everything regarding the West and curiosity was all over them. The missionary team primarily worked with some local people within the area while speaking and ministering in some rural regions of Cambodia. It is stated that based on the outcomes of the mission the utilized strategy during the period was never effective.

During their period a number of individuals were responding to the ministry by turning up to the operations and claiming that they have accepted being saved but based on the number of Christians in the region t is not clear whether the individuals were actually converted as real Christians. The most fruitful thing that was seen is the general relations that the missionaries were able to create with the community and particularly the young individuals. It is apparent that interest was there but this needed more than just convincing them[32]. It is not known on the number of persons that were converted during the period despite the fact that among the converted ones they would still encourage those close to them to be converted. The reason behind the fear of the Brao in engaging in religious movements as well as churches was based on the probable retaliation that the group would acquire from the respective members of their families. In addition people seemed to be uncertain of the intention behind their conversion as some of the people believed that the missionaries were exploiters and greedy investors who wanted to use the individuals for their own gains. Due to having rather negative attitudes toward the team ministering become a difficult operation thus forcing them to go back to the West without having achieved any durable outcome. However, the low Christians population in the region shows that the operations created long effects which can be enhanced through selecting strategized approaches to avoid such difficulties. Currently, there is no ministry operation that is in place since the region has grown to be unreachable based on the involved risks and the uncertainties of such operations.

The strategy that was utilized was mainly through the use of narratives regarding the west to cure the curiosity. It is indicated that the strategy does not only help in creating lively audiences but this helped in the transferring of the stories from one individual to the next[33]. However, there are no indications from research on the actual operations that took place during the missionary era but based on the presence of the 200 Christians amid the Brao it is apparent that there were some ministering efforts present in the community. This depicts the authority that is held by the gospel and the determination of missionary in reaching those that are unreached despite the challenges. Based on this authority the message of Christ’s Gospel must continue in ensuring that everyone hears of his existence and becomes witnesses of His goodness.

Missions Challenges

Missionary operation’s challenges amongst Brao individuals are several. Brao people accept are never against Christians given that from the past missions they proved to be very friendly and open to them. However, some held negative attitudes which were mainly attributed to their previous experiences that separated their families and left them broken. The group mainly beliefs in Ethnic religion which they uphold for maintaining order within their respective communities and thus convincing them to abandon these practices is not easy. There is a new Biblical translation that has been developed in the Brao language but this has not led to the developing successful missionary achievements[34]. The undesirable attitude that is held against the west is mainly influenced by the prevailing wars of their troops against the Islamic communities. There is no evidence of any attack that has occurred against the evangelists. However, Buddhists are against such missions and the government has in the past implanted measures where those that are involved are arrested or even tortured for going against the country’s formal religion. Such restrictions have made the ministering to be rather difficult. Cambodia is different from all the other states given that given that the government has placed restrictive measures against the domination of other religions such as Christianity[35].

It is stated that leaders Buddhists community, as well as Muslims, have in the past collaborated with some local communities in ensuring that the success of the operations in spreading the gospel is never achieved[36]. Poverty and illiteracy are additional issues. This is because the high illiteracy level creates communication and interaction barriers as most people do not understand more than their language. A missionary who might not be well equipped with Christian theology, as well as guidelines, can find the operations to be a hard one given that there is a necessity of demonstrating the capability and the realness of Christ’s Gospel contrarily to that of the own. This does not, therefore, necessitate unfolding the faultiness of the ethnically based religion as undesirable attitudes might be created. This might be challenging but an effective strategy given that the group does not hold scriptures as influential thus they lack adequate grounds of supporting their beliefs in general. In addition, it is essential to keep in mind that individuals are arrested in the state for upholding or spreading Christianity despite accepting the practice[37]. Thus this creates the need for understanding that despite the fact that prosecution in the western states is illegal on the grounds of worshipping freedom it is a determining force for ministering in the state of Cambodia[38]. Brao believes that there are those spirits that guard them against all the evils a belief that can best be utilized in demonstrating why God should be accepted amongst them.

Proposed Strategy for reaching Brao people In Cambodia

In the context of this discussion, the formation of evangelistic approaches in reaching Brao people in the land of Cambodia might not be an easy course similarly to reaching other communities that have in the past been evangelized previously. However, Christ called Christians so that they can be His witnesses to all persons and nations without fear and any kind of favor[39]. The two approaches that will be discussed will incorporate two major differing strategies from a missionary perspective that will seek to bring Christ’s Gospel to Brao’s. The strategies can be helpful when utilized on self-basis or when combined with other formulated and proven approaches. The two proposed strategy is the provision of educational facilities and the establishment and implementation of poverty reduction programs.

The Provision of Education and Poverty Reduction Programs

It is important to note that the development of a perfectly structured strategy of reaching Brao people in Cambodia is unrealistic and devaluing of the Spirit’s authority in moving amongst individuals. However, there is a criterion that can be followed in reaching those souls that have been lost in fulfilling Christ’s intention. The original strategies should, therefore, incorporate the general utilization of small missionary group’s teams which are particularly willing in getting involved and creating a community sense with the Brao. The development of a fostering and fitting sense in relations is crucial in acquiring success of any given evangelistic mission from any particular group in the region[40]. The groups should seek to offer educative and training sessions to the communities in general to broaden their thinking as well as knowledge in regard to the outside world. Education is something that is highly needed among the Brao communities given that illiteracy is at the highest state.

To begin with, most individuals in this communities have little or zero knowledge in reference to reading or writing. It is unfortunate that the issue is dominant even amongst the young individuals. This, therefore, does not only deny them the general opportunities for achieving growth but they also lack the capability of understanding some realistic matters which affect Christian religion adoption. This is evident from the manner in which the communities upholds their ancestral practices and believes by believing that they acquire protection from ailments and disasters from the spirits. Despite the fact that fear towards evil spirit is common they group does not understand the importance of the Gospel or even the existence of Christ who is their guard and provider[41].

The education program is one that should exist in the long run thus the necessity of committed and small missionary groups. This is because Cambodia is a developing state whose economic status is not very stable despite having a rather lower population that most states of its levels[42]. Quality education and educational facilities are rare particularly in the hilly areas which are located at the deepest points in the state. The small groups will, therefore, act as tutors and training to those that are willing to learn and particularly young individuals so that the acquired knowledge can be transferred easily to the rest of the group. The groups should be divided into two or three people for those that are willing to occupy the region for a number of years and exploit the unreached regions adequately. While it is apparent that with peripatetic missionaries conversions can still occur durable and desirable conversion effects can only be seen when Brao community is able to observe and learn from committed or rather nearly permanent missionaries. Seeing Christians value through the promotion of education may encourage them to transform their beliefs as well as readiness to become part of Christian faith which will bring life changes. In other words, the Brao needs to understand and experience the love and care demonstrated by Christians before beginning to care for the much that Jesus matters to them.

Education is an integral part of the modern society in instilling social as well as economic developments. Give that Brao people are focused on communism and they are committed to communal progress educational programs will impress them. In addition, the West is in particular envied by the marginalized groups given that they are highly educated and through education, they have acquired undoubted progress. The group is thirsty of education in broadening their economic knowledge given that their dependence of forest and farming is slowing failing due to modernization which is encouraging logging and business operations rather than agriculture. As part of the strategy, the missionary will seek to create productive relations with the existing Christians in the communities who will be useful in developing connections with the rest of the communities[43]. This approach will seek to develop a more broad community and increasing awareness of the unreached and those that are lost in their reach. The relations and increased knowledge that will be acquired from educational programs will mainly serve for some significant reasons.

To begin with, it will become easy to explain and create understanding amongst the group in reference to the significance of accepting Christ, serving him and accepting the gospel. In addition, negative attitudes towards the west as exploitive and greedy persons will be eradicated through promoting care and beneficial relations. More importantly, through the relations and a better understanding of the gospel missionaries will be developing a multiplication surrounding which full of wellness which is the main intention is held by Christ when he called Christians to be His witnesses in spreading the Gospel. In that, the intention was to make disciples and those disciples would create more disciples[44]. Given that mission, operations are not permanent and missionaries will leave the regions at some point the education and good relations that will be left will serve in capturing the beliefs of those that were not caught by the missions. In this context, education will not only seek to create better relationships and improve knowledge regarding the Gospel but it will additionally seek to eradicate the existing hardships thus promoting wellness which is the prime intention of Christ of saving his own people[45]. This will be acquired by creating well-grounded knowledge thus promoting communal and economic progress.

    The poverty rate for Brao people is a major challenge that prevents them from acquiring any form of development. Most of these people are poor behind being illiterate and this additionally hinders their willingness in accepting the gospel. Therefore by setting initiatives that will seek to reduce poverty rate and improve their lives, this will instill a sense of gratitude and change of attitude towards outside whom they perceive as exploiters. This will mainly be accomplished through creating markets for the produce from the farm and animal rarely. The missionary will demonstrate the importance of farming through irrigation for economic gains rather than focusing on small scaled farming that only fulfills their local needs. In this context, the locals will, therefore, be educated on the differing irrigation approaches and the most suitable crops that will yield benefits in the shortest possible period. Through this, the income of the individuals will be boosted and increase their abilities to grow and establish more facilities such as hospitals to care for their health needs. Animal raising and particularly chicken which is associated with fewer costs and low skills will also be encouraged and their products can be sold locally in the rural setting or aboard. The strategy of providing educational facilities and programs to lower the literacy rate but it will serve as a form of motivation to join Christianity.

    Ethnic beliefs are the hardest to abandon given that the beliefs are usually passed from a single generation to another[46]. This, therefore, implies that the missionary will be required to solve the existing issues which mainly revolves around economic and social instability, high illiteracy level as well as increased poverty rate. Poverty is a prime issue that hinders the general capability of being productive by any means. Given that the communities have suffered mainly from oppression and restrictions presently and the past better relations and the commitment in helping them get through the persisting hardships will create will and curiosity of learning all that is contained in Christianity. It is true that it is a hard approach and an expensive one but given that the previous approaches failed in acquiring significant produce it is apparent that the group needs more than just theory as practical commitment will work best. The approach will help in enlarging the Christian segment within the groups which will thus be easier in penetrating to other areas with similar needs.

Conclusion

In summing up, serving and accessing Brao people in Cambodian land is not an easy operation and it should never be perceived as such as this is an uncertain mission. Brao people have extensive and disreputable past and present of injustices, oppression, as well as hardships based on the high poverty rate, lack of education and unproductive economic activities. the undesirable discrimination rate and the inhuman treatment which has been subjected to them by Buddhist and the government has left them in a state in which they are not readily willing to accept or even trust outsiders as well as individuals in authority. Cambodian Brao’s holds very real necessities that can only be accomplished through creating passionate relations with Christ our Lord. In this context, Christ’s witnesses are supposed to pray that the long run missionaries will, in particular, accept and commit to facing the challenges in sharing Christ’s Gospel with Brao individuals and demonstrate the wellness of his unending love in Cambodian land. Serving Christ necessitates more than committing to Church as it requires commitment, serving, existing as well as sharing his Gospel with those that are unaware, lost and unreached in this case the Brao. This can best be accomplished via developing income generating initiatives to curb poverty as well as offering learning programs to reduce the level of illiteracy and break the challenges of communication.

Appendix 1: Ethno-linguistic Groups of Cambodia

 

 

References    

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[1] Baird, Ian G. "Shifting contexts and performances: the Brao-Kavet and their sacred mountains in             Northeast Cambodia." Perspectives 28 (2013): 1-23.

[2] Baird, Ian G. "Spatial (re)organization and places of the Brao in southern Laos and northeastern             Cambodia." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30, no. 3 (2009): 298-311.

[3] Joshua Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB.

[4]   Joshua Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB.

[5] Joshua Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB

[6] Abbott, Kirsten. "Themes in Luke’s gospel: introduction to the Luke/Acts ..." Accessed June 22, 2017. wn.anglican.org.nz/files/docs/some-themes-introd-to-luke-acts.pdf.

[7] Bauman, Chad M. 2015. Pentecostals, proselytization, and anti-Christian violence in contemporary India.

[8] Abbott, Kirsten. "Themes in Luke’s gospel: introduction to the Luke/Acts ..." Accessed June 22, 2017. wn.anglican.org.nz/files/docs/some-themes-introd-to-luke-acts.pdf.

[9] Joshua Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB

[10] Joshua Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB

[11] Joshua Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB

[12] Schliesinger, J. Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 2: Profile of Austro-Asiatic-Speaking Peoples. 2015. Booksmango Print.

[13] Schliesinger, J. Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 2: Profile of Austro-Asiatic-Speaking Peoples. 2015. Booksmango Print.

[14] Baird, Ian G. "Spatial (re)organization and places of the Brao in southern Laos and northeastern Cambodia." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30, no. 3 (2009): 298-311. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00378.x.

[15] Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB.

[16] Schliesinger, J. Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 2: Profile of Austro-Asiatic-Speaking Peoples. 2015. Booksmango Print.

[17] Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB.

[18] Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB.

[19] Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB.

[20] Joshua Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB

[21] Schliesinger, J. Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 2: Profile of Austro-Asiatic-Speaking Peoples. 2015. Booksmango Print.

[22]Baird, Ian G. "Shifting contexts and performances: the Brao-Kavet and their sacred mountains in Northeast Cambodia." Perspectives 28 (2013): 1-23.

[23] Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB.

[24] Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB.

[25] SBC. Brao of Cambodia. International mission board, SBC. 2017. http://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=18251

[26]SBC. Brao of Cambodia. International mission board, SBC. 2017. http://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=18251

[27] Saunders, Graham E. 2008. Cambodia. London: Kuperard. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=731787.

[28] Saunders, Graham E. 2008. Cambodia. London: Kuperard. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=731787.

[29] Saunders, Graham E. 2008. Cambodia. London: Kuperard. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=731787.

[30]Joshua Project. "Brao in Cambodia.’’ https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10960/CB

[31]Moreau, A. Scott, Gary Corwin, and Gary B. McGee. 2004. Introducing world missions a biblical, historical, and practical survey. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic.

[32] SBC. Brao of Cambodia. International mission board, SBC. 2017. http://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=18251

[33] Moreau, A. Scott, Gary Corwin, and Gary B. McGee. 2004. Introducing world missions a biblical, historical, and practical survey. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic.

[34] Soerens, Matthew, and Jenny Hwang. 2009. Welcoming the stranger: justice, compassion & truth in the immigration debate.

[35] Saunders, Graham E. 2008. Cambodia. London: Kuperard. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=731787.

[36] Moreau, A. Scott, Gary Corwin, and Gary B. McGee. 2004. Introducing world missions a biblical, historical, and practical survey. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic.

[37] Soerens, Matthew, and Jenny Hwang. 2009. Welcoming the stranger: justice, compassion & truth in the immigration debate.

[38] SBC. Brao of Cambodia. International mission board, SBC. 2017. http://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=18251

[39] Saunders, Graham E. 2008. Cambodia. London: Kuperard. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=731787.

[40] Moreau, A. Scott, Gary Corwin, and Gary B. McGee. 2004. Introducing world missions a biblical, historical, and practical survey. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic.

[41] Moreau, A. Scott, Gary Corwin, and Gary B. McGee. 2004. Introducing world missions a biblical, historical, and practical survey. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic.

[42] Saunders, Graham E. 2008. Cambodia. London: Kuperard. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=731787.

[43] Saunders, Graham E. 2008. Cambodia. London: Kuperard. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=731787.

[44] Baird, Ian G. "Spatial (re)organization and places of the Brao in southern Laos and northeastern Cambodia." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30, no. 3 (2009): 298-311. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00378.x.

[45] Baird, Ian G. "Spatial (re)organization and places of the Brao in southern Laos and northeastern Cambodia." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 30, no. 3 (2009): 298-311. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00378.x.

[46] Moreau, A. Scott, Gary Corwin, and Gary B. McGee. 2004. Introducing world missions a biblical, historical, and practical survey. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic.

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